Blood Functions:
transport nutrients, hormones, enzymes and other critical substances
removes waste
protects body against infections
stabilize acid-base balance
regulate body temperature
Role of Cells:
Hemopoeisis- formation of blood cells
red blood cells- produces all types of blood cells
lymphatic tissue- produces lymphocytes like b and t cells
red blood cells (erythrocytes) :
white blood cells (leukocytes)
- lymohocytes:
→ t lymphocytes: attack infected or cancerous cells (recognized specific antigens)
→ b lymphocytes: produce antibodies against specific antigens
- monocytes:
→ turn into macrophages after entering tissue; very effective phagocytes
platelets (thrombocytes)
cell fragments involved in blood clotting (hemostasis)
stages of hemostasis:
factors that discourage blood clots:
Blood types : rbc classified into four possible blood types
RH group
THE HEART :pumps blood through body via two routes that have distinct functions. heart is located in thoracic cavity in the mediastinum
anatomy of the heart:
heart chambers: receive and discharge blood
atria ( 2 right and left):
→ receive blood; move blood to ventricles (thin muscle lining)
ventricles (2 right and left)
→ discharge blood; move blood to body (thick muscle lining)
two sides of the chambers:
heart valves
Valve mnemonic- TOTALLY PASSING MY ANATOMY CLASS/ TriPulMit Ao
vena cava vessels: carries deoxy blood to the heart from the body; empties into right atrium
aorta vessels: carries oxy blood to every organ into body (Away from heart); leaves from the left ventri
pulmonary vessels:
heart sounds
cardiac conduction- heart generates its own electrical impulses; these impulses give the signal for heart muscles to contract and move blood through the heart
pacemaker cells- heart generates action potentials through this ; SA node begins process
Sinoatrial (SA node)- where cardiac impulses arise; located in right atrium
→ electrical impulses travelling through heart allows it to pump blood
→sa node starts the signal causes atria to contract
→ signal passes along av node - bundle of his- bundle branches- purkinje fibers ; cause ventris to contract
Bundle of fibers carry impulse to left atrium
atrioventricular (AV valve)
Bundle of His
right and left bundle branches- signal then travels to right and left branches that reach ventricle
Purkinje fibers- signal finally arrives along the muscular walls of each ventricle
electrocariogram (ecg/ekg)
cardiac cycle- series of events from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next; consists of a series of changes in:
cardiac cycle phases
Heart: the basic principles
cardiac output: amount of blood heart pumps in 1 minute
→ determined by heart rate and stroke volume
→ avg cardiac outpic = 5 to 6 litres of blood
heart rate = number of beats per minute
→ avg is 60 to 100 ; depends on fitness, age and biological sex
→ nervous system and hormones can still affect how fast the heart beats (heart rate)
medulla oblongata: cardiac center; increase or decreases heart rate depending on info from:
stroke volume: volume blood ejected from ventricles
→ typically, 60-80% of blood in ventris is ejected
factors that affect stroke volume:
vascular system
functions:
type of blood vessels:
arteries- carry blood away from heart; usually oxygenated
→ have more smooth muscle fibers
→ strong resist pressure of the ejected blood (thicker muscle layer)
capillaries- connect smallest arteries to the smallest veins; nutrients and gas exchange occurs here
→ only has the inner layer to allow for diffusion and filtration
veins- return blood to the heart; usually deoxy
→ have valves inside
layers of blood vessels
arteries:
aorta- where all arteries arise (leaves left ventricle)
three regions/branches of aorta:
ascending aorta- supply the heart
aortic arch- supply the head, neck and arms
descending aorta-
→ thoracic aorta before diaphragm- supply thoracic cavity
→ abdominal aorta after diaphragm- supply the abdomen and lower extremities
arteries of the head and brain
veins: thinner walls than arteries; stretchy; have valves to prevent backflow
principal veins: superior and inferior vena cava
veins of the head:
hepatic portal circulation- veins from digestive system do not directly drain to the vena cava; they drain to the liver instead; allows liver to remove items ingested before returning to the heart (e.g. glucose, toxins)
→ this can be influnced by hormones
capillaries- link between arterioles to venules; exchange vessels; have extremely thin walls and small diameters which allows for diffusion and filtration
→ tissue w a high metabolic rate have large capillary beds. some tissues don’t have any capillaries (e.g. epithelial)
capillary beds- capillaries are organized into this with arterioles on one side and venules on the other
when tissues at work: precapillary sphincters open; blood flows into the capillary beds for nutrient/waste exchange
when tissues at rest: precapillary sphincters close; blood bypasses capillary beds and flows directly into venules to return to heart
two way exhchange includes: diffusion, osmosis and filtration
arterial end of capillaries
venules end of capillaries
colloid osmotic pressure:
→ large proteins, like albumin, cannot pass from the capillaries into the tissue with the rest of the plasma
→because fluid (the solvent) exited in the arteriole end, albumin (solute) conc becomes high in the venous end; fluid therefore moves back because of osmosis.
circulation: needed to deliver oxygen, nutrients and remove toxins
→ possible because of pressure gradients (bp) and venous return mechanisms
two circulatory routes are: pulmonary and systemic
pulmonary circulation: used to exchange oxygen and co2 in lungs
→ blood leaved from right ventri
→ travels to lungs
→ oxygen and co2 exchange by diffusion in blood capillaries/ alveoli
→ oxygenated blood returned to left atrium
systemic circulation: used to supply oxygen and nutrients to organs and removes waste
→oxygenated blood leaves from left ventricle (aorta)
→ travels throughout body
→ gas and nutrient exchange occurs in capillaries
→ deoxy blood returned to right atrium (inferior/superior vena cava)
coronary circulation: special type of systemic circulation
→ coronary arteries- supply oxygen to heart; blockage can be deadly (heart attack)
→ coronary veins- collect deoxy blood; empties/returns into right atrium
blood pressure- force exerted by blood against a vessel wall
→ measured as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure (e.g. 110/70)
→blood flow depends on bp; blood flows from high pressure to low pressure- the greater the difference, the faster the flow
factors that affects bp:
→high cardiac output→high bp
→high blood volume→high bp
→high resistance→high bp & low flow
resistance to flow results from friction of blood against walls of vessels
amount of friction depends upon:
→blood viscosity
→vessel diameter
blood viscosity: thickness of blood
→greater viscosity→slower flow
resistance
vessel diameter:
→body’s main control over resistance
→muscles in arterioles can constrict or dilate to change the diameter
→ vasodilation→lower resistance
→vasoconstriction→higher resistance
regulation of blood flow and pressure
→ tissues need more blood →vasodilation →high flow
→less blood required→vasoconstriction→low flow
→high bp→parasympathetic impulses→vasodilation→low bp
→low bp→sympathetic impulses→vasoconstriction→high bp
regulation of blood flow and pressure
→ aldosterone → high bp
→antidiuretic hormone (adh)→high bp
→epinephrine and norepinerphrine → high bp
blood flow through veins
skeletal muscle pump
→ when muscle contract around veins : this moves blood towards heart
→ when muscles relax : valves prevent blood going backwards
respiratory pump
→why? because breathing in creates more space in chest