Influences on Prenatal Development

• Nutrition, stress, mother's age, teratogens

Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment

• Importance in monitoring fetal health and development

Approaches to Childbirth

• Natural childbirth vs. C-section

• Roles of healthcare providers: Doula, obstetrician, midwife

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

• Serious risk for infants

Transition to Parenthood

• Changes during the transition phase

Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers

Growth Principles

• Cephalocaudal principle

• Baby fat and cartilage changes

• Secular growth trends

Mechanisms of Physical Growth

• Influenced by heredity, growth hormone, thyroxine, nutrition

• Challenges: diseases, malnutrition, accidents

• Prevention methods: safe water, vaccines, improved health care

The Developing Brain

• Synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning processes

Motor Skills

• Development of locomotion, fine and gross motor skills

• Reflexes present at infancy

Sensation and Perception

• Overview of sensory abilities

Cognition in Infants and Toddlers

Piaget vs. Behaviorists

• Differences in cognitive development approaches

Schemas

• Assimilation and accommodation processes

The Child as Theorist

• Naïve physics and naïve biology understanding

Learning Mechanisms

• Orienting response, habituation, dishabituation

• Infantile amnesia

Egocentric vs. Objective Frames of Reference

Basic Emotions

Fundamental Emotions

• Happiness, sadness, anger, fear

• Social smiles development

Negative Emotions

• Emergence of stranger wariness

• Expression of basic emotions among children globally

Complex Emotions

• Guilt, embarrassment, pride (emerges at 18-24 months)

• Linked to cognitive development

Recognizing and Using Others’ Emotions

• Emotion recognition begins by 6-7 months

Regulating Emotions

• Begins in infancy and develops with age

Attachment Development

Definition of Attachment

• Ensures social-emotional networks, based on responsive caregiving

Quality of Attachment Types

• Secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized

Consequences of Attachment Quality

• Shapes future social relationships and trust dynamics

Factors Affecting Attachment Quality

• Responsiveness, caregiving consistency, training influences

Adult Attachment Interview Findings

• Categories: Autonomous, dismissive, preoccupied

Impacts of Child-Care on Attachment

• Quality care can mitigate insecure attachment effects

Peer Interactions

Stages of Play Development

• Nonsocial, parallel, simple social play, cooperative play by age 24 months

Self-Recognition and Self-Concept

Development of Self-Recognition

• Mirror test efficacy in identifying self (by 24 months)

Development of Gender Identity

• Understanding of gender roles and stereotypes

Cultural Influences on Gender Development

• Reinforcement and observational learning in shaping gender behavior

Moral Development

Self-Control

• The ability to delay gratification and regulate behavior

Parental Influences on Self-Control

Temperamental Influences

• Emotional responses affecting self-regulation

Improving Self-Control Strategies

• Techniques for promoting delay of gratification

Conclusion

• Key periods of emotion, cognitive, and social development are crucial in child growth stages.