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Héctor Villa-Lobos (1887–1955)
Q: Where did Héctor Villa-Lobos grow up?
A: He grew up in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Q: Why is Villa-Lobos considered important in Brazilian music?
A: He is regarded as the most important composer from Brazil.
Q: Where did Villa-Lobos study music?
A: He studied in France.
Q: Why did Villa-Lobos become a street musician?
A: He did not like the conservatory environment.
Q: What was the name of the groups he performed with?
A: He performed in groups called Choros.
Q: What does "Chorar" mean in Portuguese?
A: It means "to cry."
Suite Populaire Brésilienne: "Mazurka-Choro"
Q: What is a "Choro" in music?
A: It is in triple meter and a minor key.
Q: What instrument was Villa-Lobos' Popular Brazilian Suite written for?
A: It was composed for the classical guitar.
Q: Which famous guitarist performed Villa-Lobos' compositions?
A: Andrés Segovia.
Q: What is the origin of the Mazurka?
A: It is originally a Polish dance.
Q: What is the typical meter of a Mazurka?
A: It is usually in triple meter.
Q: What mood does this particular Mazurka have?
A: It has a melancholy mood, typical of Brazilian music.
Q: What is the Portuguese word for this melancholy feeling?
A: Saudade.
Bachianas Brasileiras
Q: Why did Villa-Lobos go to Paris in 1923?
A: He went there to study but wanted to teach the French.
Q: What role did Villa-Lobos have in Brazil’s music education?
A: He became Brazil’s leading composer and was put in charge of the nation's system of music education.
Q: What institutions did Villa-Lobos establish in Brazil?
A: He established multiple conservatories.
Q: When did Villa-Lobos begin composing Bachianas Brasileiras?
A: In 1930.
Q: What did Bachianas Brasileiras combine musically?
A: It combined elements of Brazilian music with the style of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750).
Bachianas Brasileiras No. 1: Introduction (Embolada)
Q: What is unique about the instrumentation of Bachianas Brasileiras No. 1?
A: It was composed for an orchestra of cellos.
Q: What Brazilian musical style inspired this piece?
A: The embolada.
Q: What musical characteristic does it share with Bach?
A: It has a lively rhythmic stream, resembling a toccata by Bach.
Q: How is embolada typically performed?
A: It is presented in a duo, with two singers playing two tambourines or two singers playing two Brazilian violas.
Argentina
Q: What are the Pampas?
A: They are grasslands in Argentina.
Q: What is the cowboy culture in Argentina called?
A: Gaucho culture.
Q: How do gauchos compare to other cowboy traditions?
A: They share a cultural identity with cowboys in the U.S. and charros in Mexico.
Buenos Aires
Q: What does "Buenos Aires" mean?
A: It means "Good Winds."
Q: What other city forms a megalopolis with Buenos Aires?
A: Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay.
Q: What dance originated in Buenos Aires?
A: The Tango.
Q: What nickname has been given to Buenos Aires?
A: "The Paris of the West."
Q: What is Teatro Colón?
A: It is one of the most renowned opera houses in the world.
Q: Where did many of Argentina's immigrants come from?
A: Many immigrants were from Italy.
Alberto Ginastera (1916–1983)
Q: Why is Alberto Ginastera significant?
A: He is regarded as Argentina’s leading composer of the 20th century.
Q: What was Ginastera's ancestry?
A: He had Catalan and Italian ancestry.
Q: Where did Ginastera travel for his music career?
A: He traveled in the U.S. and Europe.
Q: What aspect of Argentina strongly influenced his music?
A: He was attracted to the pampas and gaucho culture.
Q: Did Ginastera’s works include the tango?
A: No, none of his works evoke the tango.
Estancia: "La Doma" (Horsebreaking)
Q: When was Estancia composed, and where did it premiere?
A: It was composed in 1941 and premiered at the Teatro Colón.
Q: What is the story of Estancia?
A: It tells the story of a young city man who moves to a ranch to become a real gaucho.
Q: What is the malambo dance, and how is it used in Estancia?
A: It is a fast-paced, athletic dance of endurance, often done as a competition.
Q: What rhythmic technique is used in Estancia?
A: It alternates between simple triple and compound duple meter, a technique called hemiola.
First Piano Sonata, Movement 1
Q: How did Ginastera’s style evolve in the 1950s?
A: His evocation of Argentine folklore became more abstract and symbolic.
Q: How did his harmonies change over time?
A: They became more dissonant.
Q: When was Piano Sonata No. 1 composed?
A: In 1952.
Q: What is the structure of Piano Sonata No. 1?
A: It follows Sonata Form.
Q: What are the three main sections of Sonata Form?
A:
Exposition – Presents the main musical themes.
Development – Varies and explores the themes.
Recapitulation – Restates the main themes.
Q: What is a coda, and what does the word mean?
A: A coda is a concluding section, and the word means "tail" in Italian.
Allegro Marcato
Q: What Latin American elements are present in Allegro Marcato?
A: The themes recall Argentine criollo music with doublings in thirds.
Q: What scale is used in the second theme?
A: The Andean pentatonic scale.
Q: What is polymeter?
A: The use of two or more meters in a piece.
Q: How did Ginastera blend folk and Western elements?
A: He combined the rhythms and melodies of guanco music with classical techniques and harmonies.
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