SM

Organization of the Body - Vocabulary Flashcards

Organization of the Body

  • Chapter: Organization of the Body (Chapter 2)
  • Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives

  • Name the body systems and their functions.
  • Identify body cavities and specific organs within them.
  • List the divisions of the back.
  • Identify three planes of the body.
  • Analyze, pronounce, and spell new terms related to organs and tissues in the body.
  • Apply medical terms in real-life situations.

Organization of the Body

  • Cells: Individual units found in all parts of the human body.
  • Tissues: Similar cells grouped together to do a specific job.
  • Organs: Structures composed of several kinds of tissue.
  • Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions.

Body Systems (10 total)

  • 1 of 10: Circulatory System
    • Transports blood throughout the body.
    • Includes: heart, blood, blood vessels.
  • 2 of 10: Lymphatic System
    • Transports lymph, which contains lymphocytes that fight against disease.
    • Includes: lymph vessels, lymph nodes.
  • 3 of 10: Digestive System
    • Brings food into the body and breaks it down so it can enter the bloodstream.
    • Includes: mouth, stomach, intestines.
  • 4 of 10: Endocrine System
    • Composed of glands that send chemical messengers called hormones into the blood.
    • Includes: thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland.
  • 5 of 10: Female and Male Reproductive Systems
    • Produce the cells that join to form the embryo; testes and ovaries produce hormones.
    • Female reproductive system includes: eggs, ovaries, uterus.
    • Male reproductive system includes: testes, sperm.
  • 6 of 10: Musculoskeletal System
    • Supports the body and allows it to move.
    • Includes: muscles, bones, joints, connective tissues.
  • 7 of 10: Nervous System
    • Carries electrical messages to and from the brain.
    • Includes: brain, spinal cord.
  • 8 of 10: Respiratory System
    • Controls breathing.
    • Includes: trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs.
  • 9 of 10: Skin and Sense Organ Systems
    • Receives messages from the environment and sends them to the brain.
    • Includes: skin, eyes, ears.
  • 10 of 10: Urinary System
    • Produces urine and sends it out of the body.
    • Includes: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

Body Cavities and Organs

  • Cranial, Thoracic, Abdominal (body cavities)
    • Cranial: Organs include: brain, pituitary gland.
    • Thoracic: Organs include: lungs, heart, trachea, bronchial tubes.
    • Abdominal: Organs include: stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder.
  • Pelvic and Spinal
    • Pelvic: Organs include: urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, rectum and anus, and the uterus.
    • Spinal: Includes: spinal column and nerves of the spinal cord.

Divisions of the Spinal Column

  • Cervical (neck) region.
  • Thoracic (chest) region.
  • Lumbar (loin or waist) region.
  • Sacral (sacrum or lower back) region.
  • Coccygeal (coccyx or tailbone) region.

Planes of the Body

  • Frontal Plane (Frontal/Coronal plane)
    • Vertical plane that divides the body or body part, such as an organ, into front and back portions.
    • Anatomically, anterior means the front portion and posterior means the back portion.
  • Sagittal Plane (Sagittal/Lateral plane)
    • Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides.
    • The midsagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left halves.
  • Transverse Plane (Transverse/Axial plane)
    • Horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into upper and lower portions, as in a cross-section.

Combining Forms (7 sets)

  • 1 of 7
    • abdomin/o — abdomen
    • anter/o — front
    • bronch/o — bronchial tubes
    • cervic/o — neck of the body or neck (cervix) of the uterus
  • 2 of 7
    • chondr/o — cartilage
    • coccyg/o — coccyx, tailbone
    • crani/o — skull
    • epitheli/o — skin, surface tissue
    • esophag/o — esophagus
  • 3 of 7
    • hepat/o — liver
    • lapar/o — abdomen
    • laryng/o — larynx (voice box)
    • later/o — side
    • lumb/o — loin or waist
  • 4 of 7
    • lymph/o — lymph (clear fluid in tissue spaces and lymph vessels)
    • mediastin/o — mediastinum (space between the lungs)
  • 5 of 7
    • pelv/o — pelvis (bones of the hip)
    • peritone/o — peritoneum (membrane surrounding the abdominal organs)
    • pharyng/o — pharynx (throat)
  • 6 of 7
    • pleur/o — pleura
    • poster/o — back, behind
    • radi/o — X-rays
    • sacr/o — sacrum (five fused bones in the lower back)
  • 7 of 7
    • spin/o — spine (backbone)
    • thorac/o — chest
    • trache/o — trachea (windpipe)
    • vertebr/o — vertebra (backbone)

Medical Scramble Questions

  • 1-3: Female endocrine organ — OVARY
  • Space below the diaphragm — ABDOMEN
  • Pertaining to the chest — THORACIC
  • 4-6: Hip region — PELVIS
  • Throat — PHARYNX
  • Windpipe — TRACHEA
  • Bonus Term: A procedure necessary for brain surgery — CRANIOTOMY

Additional Notes and Connections

  • The body is organized hierarchically from cells to tissues to organs to systems, enabling specialization and coordinated function.
  • Planes of the body are reference frames for describing locations and movements: Frontal divides front/back; Sagittal divides left/right; Transverse divides upper/lower.
  • Cranial, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic, and Spinal cavities house specific organs and structures important for clinical anatomy and imaging.
  • Spinal column divisions map to major regions of the back and relate to nerve distribution and clinical considerations.
  • Combining forms are the building blocks for medical terminology, allowing precise construction of terms for anatomy, pathology, and procedures.
  • Practical language applications include recognizing terms in everyday clinical settings and in real-life patient care scenarios.
  • Ethical/philosophical relevance: clear anatomical language supports patient understanding, informed consent, and accurate communication among healthcare professionals.

10 body systems are covered in this module, highlighting the breadth of human physiology and the importance of integrating structure and function across the body.