Many organisms that coexist exhibit some type of symbiotic relationship
The basic types of symbiotic relationships:
There are two types of primary productivity:
Diversity Index = 1 − Σ(n/)^2
n = the total number of organisms of a particular species N = the total number of organisms of all species
Population growth can be represented as the number of births minus the number of deaths divided by the size of the population.
r = (births – deaths)/N (r is the reproductive rate, and N is the population size.)
Human impact on the planet includes the following issues: