Era 5 Vocab

1. Conquistador: Spanish explorers and soldiers who traveled to the Americas in the 16th century, often seeking wealth and territory, and known for their conquests of Indigenous civilizations.

2. Network: A system of interconnected people or things; in the context of Era 5, it often refers to trade routes, communication channels, or alliances between different regions or cultures.

3. Nutrition: The process of obtaining and utilizing food for health and growth; important in understanding population dynamics and agricultural practices.

4. Production: The process of creating goods and services, often studied in the context of economies and labor systems.

5. Exchange: The act of giving one thing and receiving another; in economics, this often refers to trade between different groups or regions.

6. Innovation: The introduction of new ideas, methods, or products, which can drive economic and social change.

7. Confederation: An alliance of independent states or groups that come together for a common purpose while retaining their individual sovereignty.

8. Consumer goods: Products that are purchased for personal use by consumers, as opposed to industrial goods used in production.

9. Distribution: The process of delivering products to consumers, including logistics and supply chain management.

10. Finance: The management of large amounts of money, especially by governments or large companies; it includes investment, borrowing, and lending practices.

11. Missionary: An individual sent on a religious mission, particularly to promote Christianity in foreign lands.

12. Egalitarian: Advocating for human equality, promoting equal rights and opportunities across different social, economic, and political contexts.

13. Khanate: A political entity ruled by a khan, often referring to territories established by Mongol leaders.

14. Pastoralist: A member of a society that relies primarily on the herding and breeding of livestock for subsistence.

15. Shamanism: A spiritual practice involving a practitioner (shaman) who mediates between the spiritual and physical worlds, often through rituals and healing.

16. Siege: A military operation in which forces surround a place (like a city) to compel surrender.

17. Caliph: A religious and political leader in Islam, regarded as a successor to Prophet Muhammad.

18. Dynasty: A sequence of rulers from the same family, often ruling over a kingdom or empire.

19. Shah: The title of a monarch in Iran, historically used to denote kings in various Persian empires.

20. Shia: A branch of Islam that believes in the rightful leadership of Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law.

21. Sultanate: A state or country ruled by a sultan, often used in the context of Islamic governance.

22. Sunni: The largest branch of Islam, which believes that the community should select its leaders.

23. Atlatl: A tool used to throw spears or darts, enhancing the distance and accuracy of the projectile.

24. Mustang: A free-roaming horse of the American West, often descended from horses brought by Spanish settlers.

25. Patrilineal: A system of inheritance or lineage in which lineage is traced through the father’s side.

26. Subjugate: To bring under control, often by conquest or domination.

27. Conquest: The act of conquering territory or people, typically through military force.

28. Epidemic: A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a population.

29. Feudalism: A social and economic system prevalent in medieval Europe where land was held in exchange for service or labor.

30. Anticlerical: Opposed to the influence of clergy or religious institutions in political or societal matters.

31. Economics: The study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

32. Guild: An association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their trade in a particular area, primarily in medieval Europe.

33. Inoculation: A medical practice of introducing an antigenic substance into the body to stimulate immunity to a specific disease.

34. Irrigation: The artificial application of water to land to assist in the growing of crops.

35. Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread across a large region, typically affecting a global population.

36. Cash crop: A crop produced for commercial value rather than for use by the grower; often used in economies that rely on agriculture.

37. Indigenous: Referring to the original inhabitants of a region or country, often with distinct cultural practices and languages.

38. Integration: The process of combining or incorporating parts into a whole; in a social context, it often relates to the merging of different cultural or ethnic groups.

39. Labor: The physical and mental efforts used in the production of goods and services; often associated with work.

40. Plantation: A large estate where crops are cultivated, often using enslaved or indentured labor.

41. Amerindian: A term used to describe the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

42. Famine: A severe scarcity of food affecting a large number of people, often leading to widespread hunger and malnutrition.

43. Globalism: An ideology that advocates for political, economic, and cultural interconnectedness and cooperation on a global scale.

44. Homogenize: To make uniform or similar; in cultural terms, it often refers to the process of making different cultures more alike.

45. Commercial: Related to commerce; involving business and trade.

46. Commodity: A basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type.

47. Demography: The statistical study of populations, including the structure, distribution, and trends in population size.

48. Profitable: Yielding financial gain or benefit.

49. Imperial: Pertaining to an empire; often related to expansion and governance over foreign territories.

50. Industrial: Related to industry; characterized by the manufacturing of goods through machinery and large-scale production.

51. Indentured servant: A laborer who is bound by a contract to work for a specific number of years in exchange for passage to a new country or other benefits.

52. Persecution: Harassment or punishment of individuals or groups based on their beliefs, ethnicity, or social status.

53. Enslave: To make someone a slave or to subjugate them completely.

54. Mercantilism: An economic theory prevalent in the early modern period that emphasized the importance of accumulating wealth through trade and colonial expansion.

55. Transatlantic: Relating to or situated on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean; often used in the context of trade between Europe and the Americas.

56. Abolish: To formally put an end to a system, practice, or institution, particularly regarding laws or policies.

57. Mutilation: The infliction of severe damage or injury on a body; in historical contexts, it often refers to punitive measures.

58. Hierarchical: Arranged in a ranked order or structure, where higher levels have more power or authority.

59. Secular: Pertaining to non-religious or worldly matters; often emphasizes a separation between religion and governance.

60. Tribute: Payment made by one state or ruler to another, often as a sign of submission or in exchange for protection.

61. Capitalism: An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and the creation of goods or services for profit.

62. Monopoly: The exclusive control of a commodity or service in a market, eliminating competition.