SKELETAL

articulation - a joint

bone

- A calcified form of dense connective tissue

- osseous tissue

- also an individual unit of the skeleton made of such tissue

- (root oste/o)

bone marrow

- The soft material that fills the cavities of a bone

- (root myel/o)

• Yellow marrow - fills the central cavity of the long bones

• blood cells are formed in red bone marrow, which is located in spongy bone tissue

bursa

- A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction near a joint

- (root burs/o)

cartilage

- A type of dense connective tissue that is found in the skeleton, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

- It is the precursor to most bone tissue

- (root chondr/o)

diarthrosis

- A freely movable joint

- also called a synovial joint

diaphysis - The shaft of a long bone

epiphysis - The irregularly shaped end of a long bone

epiphyseal plate

- The growth region of a long bone

- located in the metaphysis, between the diaphysis and epiphysis

- When bone growth ceases, this area appears as the epiphyseal line

ilium

- The large, flared, upper portion of the pelvic bone

- (root ili/o)

joint

- The junction between two bones

- articulation

- (root arthr/o)

ligament - A strong band of connective tissue that joins one bone to another

metaphysis

- The region of a long bone between the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end)

- during development, the growing region of a long bone

ossification -The formation of bone tissue

osteoblast - A cell that produces bone tissue

osteoclast - A cell that destroys bone tissue

osteocyte - A mature bone cell that nourishes and maintains bone tissue

periosteum - The fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone

resorption - Removal of bone by breakdown and absorption into the circulation

skeleton

- The bony framework of the body, consisting of 206 bones

• The axial portion (80 bones) is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum

• The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) contains the bones of the arms and legs, shoulder girdle, and pelvis

suture - An immovable joint, such as the joints between the bones of the skull

symphysis - A slightly movable joint

synovial fluid

- The fluid contained in a freely movable (diarthrotic) joint

- synovia

- (root synov/i)

synovial joint

- A freely movable joint

- has a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

- a diarthrosis

tendon - A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

oste/o - bone

osteolytic - destroying or dissolving bone

myel/o - bone marrow, spinal cord

myeloblast - immature bone marrow cell

chondr/o - cartilage

chondromalacia - softening of cartilage

arthr/o - joint

arthrosis - joint; condition affecting a joint-

synov/i - synovial fluid, joint, or membrane

asynovia - lack of synovial fluid

burs/o - bursa

bursotomy - incision into a bursa

osteoid - resembling bone/bone tissue

Arthrodesis - fusion of a joint

chondrocyte - a cell found in cartilage

bursolith - a stone in a bursa

osteogenesis - formation of bone

chondroma - tumor of cartilage

arthroplasty - plastic repair of a joint

peribursal - around a bursa

myeloid - pertaining to or resembling bone marrow

osteopenia - deficiency of bone tissue

osteomyelitis - inflammation of bone and bone marrow

arthropathy - any disease of a joint

myeloma - tumor of bone marrow

chondroid - pertaining to or resembling cartilage

arthroscope - instrument for examining the interior of a joint

arthrostenosis - narrowing of a joint

synovitis - inflammation of a synovial membrane

hyperostosis - excess growth of bone

dysostosis - abnormal growth of bone

crani/o - skull, cranium

craniostosis - ossification of the cranial sutures

spondyl/o - vertebra

spondylolysis - destruction and separation of a vertebra

vertebr/o - vertebra, spinal column

paravertebral - before or in front of the spinal column

rachi/o - spine

rachischisis - fissure of the spine; spina bifida

cost/o - rib

costochondral - pertaining to a rib and its cartilage

sacr/o - sacrum

presacral - in front of the sacrum

coccy, coccyg/o - coccyx

coccygeal -pertaining to the coccyx

pelvi/o - pelvis

pelvimetry - measurement of the pelvis

ili/o - ilium

iliopelvic - pertaining to the ilium and pelvis

cranial - pertaining to the skull

costal - pertaining to a rib

pelvic - pertaining to the pelvis

iliac - pertaining to the ilium

vertebral - pertaining to the spinal column

sacral - pertaining to the sacrum

craniometry - measurement of the skull (cranium)

endocranial - within the skull

spondylodynia - pain in a vertebra

prevertebral - in front of a vertebra or the spinal column

suprapelvic - above the pelvis

cranioschisis - fissure of the skull

craniotomy - incision of the cranium

spondylitis - inflammation of the vertebrae

rachiocentesis - surgical puncture of the spine; spinal tap

costectomy - surgical excision of a rib

sacroiliac - pertaining to the sacrum and ilium

craniosacral - pertaining to the cranium and sacrum

parasacral - near the sacrum

coccygectomy - excision of the coccyx

iliococcygeal - pertaining to the ilium and coccyx

infracostal - below the ribs

TYPES OF FRACTURES

closed - a simple fracture with no open wound

Colles - fracture of the distal end of the radius with backward displacement of the hand

comminuted - fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

compression - fracture caused by force from both ends, as to a vertebra

greenstick - one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent

impacted - one fragment is driven into the other

oblique - break occurs at an angle across the bone; usually one fragment slips by the other

open - fracture is associated with an open wound, or broken bone protrudes through the skin

Pott - fracture of the distal end of the fibula with injury to the tibial joint

spiral - fracture is in a spiral or S shape; usually caused by twisting injuries

transverse - a break at right angles to the long axis of a bone

ankylosing spondylitis

- A chronic, progressive inflammatory disease involving the joints of the spine and surrounding soft tissue, most common in young males

- also called rheumatoid spondylitis

ankylosis - Immobility and fixation of a joint

arthritis - Inflammation of a joint

chondrosarcoma - A malignant tumor of cartilage

degenerative joint disease (DJD) - Osteoarthritis

fracture - A break in a bone

• In a closed or simple fracture, the broken bone does not penetrate the skin

• in an open fracture, there is an accompanying wound in the skin.

gout - A form of acute arthritis, usually beginning in the knee or foot, caused by deposit of uric acid salts in the joints

herniated disk

- Protrusion of the center (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal

- ruptured or “slipped” disk

osteoarthritis (OA)

- Progressive deterioration of joint cartilage with growth of new bone and soft tissue in and around the joint

- the most common form of arthritis

- results from wear and tear, injury, or disease

- also called degenerative joint disease (DJD)

osteogenic sarcoma

- A malignant bone tumor

- osteosarcoma

osteomalacia - A softening and weakening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency or other disease

osteomyelitis - Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by infection, usually bacterial

osteoporosis

- A condition characterized by reduction in bone density, most common in white women past menopause

- causative factors include, diet, activity, and estrogen levels

Paget disease

- Skeletal disease of the elderly characterized by thickening and distortion of bones with bowing of long bones

- osteitis deformans

Pott disease - Inflammation of the vertebrae, usually caused by tuberculosis

rheumatoid arthritis - A chronic autoimmune disease of unknown origin resulting in inflammation of peripheral joints and related structures

rheumatoid factor - A group of antibodies found in the blood in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic diseases

rickets - Faulty bone formation in children usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin D

sciatica - Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, usually related to irritation of a spinal nerve root

alkaline phosphatase - An enzyme needed in the formation of bone

discectomy - Surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disk

orthopedics - The study and treatment of disorders of the skeleton, muscles, and associated structures

reduction of a fracture - Return of a fractured bone to a normal position

traction - The process of drawing or pulling, such as traction of the head in the treatment of injuries to the cervical vertebrae

acetabulum - The bony socket in the hip bone that holds the head of the femur

annulus fibrosus - The outer ringlike portion of an intervertebral disk

atlas - The first cervical vertebra

axis - The second cervical vertebra

calvaria - The domelike upper portion of the skull

coxa - Hip

cruciate ligaments

- Ligaments that cross in the knee joint to connect the tibia and fibula. They are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

- Cruciate means “shaped like a cross”

genu - The knee

glenoid cavity - The bony socket in the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus

hallux - The great toe

ischium - The lower portion of the pelvic bone

malleolus - The projection of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle

meniscus

- Crescent-shaped disc of cartilage found in certain joints, such as the knee joint.

• In the knee, the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus separate the tibia and femur.

- meniscus means “crescent.”

olecranon - The process of the ulna that forms the elbow

os - Bone

osseous - Pertaining to bone

patella - The kneecap

pubis - The anterior part of the pelvic bone. The two pubic bones join anteriorly at the pubic symphysis

symphysis pubis

- The anterior joint of the pelvis, formed by the union of the two pubic bones

- also called pubic symphysis

achondroplasia - Decreased growth of cartilage in the growth plate of long bones resulting in dwarfism

- a genetic disorder

bunion - Inflammation and enlargement of the metatarsal joint of the great toe, usually with displacement of the great toe toward the other toes

bursitis - Inflammation of a bursa, a small fluid-filled sac near a joint

carpal tunnel syndrome - Numbness and weakness of the hand caused by pressure on the median nerve as it passes through a tunnel formed by carpal bones

chondroma - A benign tumor of cartilage

curvature of the spine

- An exaggerated curve of the spine

- includes scoliosis (sideways curve in any region), lordosis (lumbar curve), and kyphosis (thoracic curve)

Ewing tumor

- A bone tumor that usually appears in children 5 to 15 years of age. It begins in the shaft of a bone and spreads readily to other bones

- Also called Ewing sarcoma

exostosis - A bony outgrowth from the surface of a bone

giant cell tumor - A bone tumor that usually appears in children and young adults. The ends of the bones are destroyed, commonly at the knee, by a large mass that does not metastasize

hammertoe - Change in position of the toe joints so that the toe takes on a clawlike appearance and the first joint protrudes upward, causing irritation and pain on walking

hallux valgus - Painful condition involving lateral displacement of the great toe at the metatarsal joint. There is also enlargement of the metatarsal head and bunion formation

Heberden nodes - Small, hard nodules formed in the cartilage of the distal joints of the fingers in osteoarthritis

hemarthrosis - Bleeding into a joint cavity

kyphosis

- An exaggerated curve of the spine in the thoracic region

- hunchback, humpback

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

- Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the proximal growth center of the femur. The bone is eventually restored, but there may be deformity and weakness

- Also called coxa plana

lordosis

- An exaggerated curve of the spine in the lumbar region

- swayback

multiple myeloma - A cancer of blood-forming cells in bone marrow

neurogenic arthropathy

- Degenerative disease of joints caused by impaired nervous stimulation

- most common cause is diabetes mellitus

- Charcot arthropathy

Osgood-Schlatter disease - Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the proximal growth center of the tibia causing pain and tendinitis at the knee

osteochondroma - A benign tumor consisting of cartilage and bone

osteochondrosis - Disease of the growth center of a bone in children

- degeneration of the tissue is followed by recalcification

osteodystrophy - Abnormal bone development

osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) - A hereditary disease resulting in the formation of brittle bones that fracture easily. There is faulty synthesis of collagen, the main structural protein in connective tissue.

osteoma - A benign bone tumor that usually remains small and localized

osteopenia - Lack of bone tissue

- decrease of bone density as seen in osteoporosis

Reiter syndrome - Chronic polyarthritis that usually affects young men

- occurs after a bacterial infection and is common in those infected with HIV

- may also involve the eyes and genitourinary tract

scoliosis - A sideways curvature of the spine in any region

spondylolisthesis - A forward displacement of one vertebra over another

- (listhesis) means “a slipping”)

spondylosis - Degeneration and ankylosis of the vertebrae resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots

sprain - Trauma to a joint involving the ligaments

subluxation - A partial dislocation

talipes - A deformity of the foot, especially one occurring congenitally

- clubfoot

valgus - Bent outward

varus - Bent inward

von Recklinghausen disease

- Loss of bone tissue caused by increased parathyroid hormone

- bones become decalcified, deformed, and fracture easily

arthrocentesis - Puncture and removal of fluid (aspiration) of a joint

arthroclasia - Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

arthroplasty - Partial or total replacement of a joint with a prosthesis

arthroscope

- An endoscope for examining the interior of a joint

- may also be used to perform surgery on the joint, for example, to remove damaged cartilage

arthroscopy - Use of an arthroscope to examine the interior of a joint or to perform surgery on the joint

aspiration - Removal by suction, as removal of fluid from a body cavity

autograft

- Graft of tissue taken from a site on or in the body of the person receiving the graft

- autologous graft

calcitonin

- A hormone from the thyroid gland that decreases resorption (loss) of bone tissue

- used in the treatment of Paget disease and osteoporosis

- also called thyrocalcitonin

chondroitin - A complex polysaccharide found in connective tissue

- used as a dietary supplement, usually with glucosamine, for treatment of joint pain

glucosamine - A dietary supplement used in the treatment of joint pain

goniometer

- A device used to measure joint angles and movements

- (root goni/o means “angle”)

laminectomy - Excision of the posterior arch (lamina) of a vertebra

meniscectomy - Removal of the crescent-shaped cartilage (meniscus) of the knee joint

myelogram - Radiograph of the spinal canal after injection of a radiopaque dye

- used to evaluate a herniated disk

osteoplasty - Scraping and removal of damaged bone from a joint

prosthesis - An artificial organ or part, such as an artificial limb

BONE MARKINGS

condyle - smooth, rounded protuberance at a joint

crest - raised, narrow ridge

epicondyle - projection above a condyle

facet - small, flattened surface

foramen - rounded opening

fossa - hollow cavity

meatus - long channel within a bone

process - projection

sinus - air-filled space or channel

spine - sharp projection

trochanter - large, blunt projection as at the top of the femur

tubercle - small, rounded projection

tuberosity - large, rounded projection