Anatomical Terms

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Anatomical position:

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Standing upright with palms outward/up

Planes of Motion

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• Frontal (or coronal)
  • Separates body into ventral (front) and dorsal (back) sections
• Sagittal (or longitudinal)
  • Separates body into right and left sections 
• Horizontal (or transverse/axial)
  • Separates body into superior and inferior sections

Types of Bones

• Long bones
  • Hard, dense
  • Provide strength, structure and mobility
• Short bones
  • Shaped as a rough cube; mostly spongy bone
  • Provide stability and facilitate motion
• Flat bones
  • Spongy bone between two layers of compact bone
  • Protect internal organs or serve as a connection point between muscles
• Irregular bones
  • Vary in shape and structure
  • Protect various parts of the body (eg: vertebrae)
• Sesamoid bones
  • Round bone embedded within a tendon
  • Reinforce and decrease stress on tendon

Terms:

• Medial: closer to the midline
• Lateral: away from the midline
• Proximal: close to the trunk or to the point of attachment
• Distal: away to the trunk or to the point of attachment
• Anterior: in the front
• Posterior: in the back
• Prone: lying face down
• Supine: lying face up (on the back)

Actions

• Flexion: bends joint (decreases angle between bones)

• Extension: straightens joint (increases angle between bones)

• Abduction: moving away from the midline of the body

• Adduction: moving towards the midline of the body

• Pronation: movement of turning hands to face posteriorly

• Supination: movement of turning hands to face anteriorly

• Plantarflexion: pushing down of the foot (top points away from leg)

• Dorsiflexion: pulling back of the foot (toes brought closer to shin)

• Inversion: turning foot so that the bottom is towards the midline

• Eversion: turning foot so that the bottom is away from the midline

  

• Internal Rotation: rotating a joint toward the midline

• External Rotation: rotating a joint away from the midline

• Ulnar Deviation: joint condition causing the wrist bones to shift, hence making the fingers bend towards the ulna bone

• Radial Deviation: joint condition causing the wrist bones to shift, hence making the fingers bend towards the radial bone

  

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