Untitled Flashcards Set

Lewin’s Motivation Conflicts

• Approach approach-a situation involving a choice between two equally desirable but incompatible alternatives. Also called double-approach conflict. 

• Approach avoidance

• Avoidance avoidance

Big 5 Theory

• Agreeableness-the tendency to act in a cooperative, unselfish manner, construed as one end of a dimension of individual differences (agreeableness vs. disagreeableness) in the Big Five personality model. It is also a dimension in the five-factor personality model.

• Openness- a dimension of the Big Five personality model and the five-factor personality model that refers to individual differences in the tendency to be open to new aesthetic, cultural, or intellectual experiences.

• Extraversion- one of the elements of the Big Five and five-factor personality models, characterized by an orientation of one’s interests and energies toward the outer world of people and things rather than the inner world of subjective experience

• Conscientiousness-the tendency to be organized, responsible, and hardworking, construed as one end of a dimension of individual differences (conscientiousness vs. lack of direction) in the Big Five personality model.

• Emotional Stability (neuroticism)-predictability and consistency in emotional reactions, with absence of rapid mood changes.

Broaden-and Build

Conscious- in the classical psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, the region of the psyche that contains thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and other aspects of mental life currently present in awareness.

Defense Mechanism

• Denial- a defense mechanism in which unpleasant thoughts, feelings, wishes, or events are ignored or excluded from conscious awareness.

• Projection-in psychoanalytic and psychodynamic theories, the process by which one attributes one’s own individual positive or negative characteristics, affects, and impulses to another person or group.

• Rationalization- an ego defense in which apparently logical reasons are given to justify unacceptable behavior that is motivated by unconscious instinctual impulses. 

• Reaction formation-- in psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening unconscious impulses are denied and are replaced in consciousness with their opposite. 

• Regression- a return to a prior, lower state of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning. 

• Repression- in classical psychoanalytic theory and other forms of depth psychology, the basic defense mechanism that excludes painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from consciousness.

Display rules-a socially learned standard that regulates the expression of emotion.

Eating Motivation

Ego- in psychoanalytic theory, the component of the personality that deals with the external world and its practical demands. 

Extrinsic- an external incentive to engage in a specific activity

Factor Analysis-  a broad family of mathematical procedures for reducing a set of interrelations among manifest variables to a smaller set of unobserved latent variables or factors.

Ghrelin- a peptide secreted by endocrine cells in the stomach that binds to growth hormone receptors in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, stimulating appetite and the release of growth hormone.

Homeostasis- the regulation by an organism of all aspects of its internal environment, including body temperature, salt–water balance (see osmoregulation), acid–base balance (see hydrogen-ion concentration), and blood sugar level.

Humanistic theory- the assumption in psychology that people are essentially good and constructive, that the tendency toward self-actualization is inherent, and that, given the proper environment, human beings will develop to their maximum potential. 

ID -in psychoanalytic theory, the component of the personality that contains the instinctual, biological drives that supply the psyche with its basic energy or libido.

Incentive theory- the theory that motivation arousal depends on the interaction between environmental incentives (i.e., stimulus objects)—both positive and negative—and an organism’s psychological and physiological states (e.g., drive states).

Instincts- in classical psychoanalytic theory, a basic biological drive (e.g., hunger, thirst, sex, aggression) that must be fulfilled in order to maintain physical and psychological equilibrium.

Intrinsic- an incentive to engage in a specific activity that derives from pleasure in the activity itself (e.g., a genuine interest in a subject studied) rather than because of any external benefits that might be obtained (e.g., money, course credits).

Leptin- a protein, manufactured and secreted by fat cells, that may communicate to the brain the amount of body fat stored and may help to regulate food intake.

Optimal arousal- a motivational theory that an individual maintains contact with various stimuli so as to achieve and maintain a preferred level of stimulation

Personality Inventory- a personality assessment device that usually consists of a series of statements covering various characteristics and behavioral patterns to which the participant responds by choosing among fixed answers, such as true, false, always, often, seldom, or never, as applied to themself.

Physiological Appraisal of emotion

Preconscious-  in the classical psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, the level of the psyche that contains thoughts, feelings, and impulses not presently in awareness but that can be more or less readily called into consciousness.

Projective test (NOT specific ones)- any assessment procedure that consists of a series of relatively ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique, sometimes highly idiosyncratic, responses that reflect the personality, cognitive style, and other psychological characteristics of the respondent

Reciprocal Determinism- a concept that opposes exclusive emphasis on environmental determination of responses and asserts that a reciprocal relationship exists among environment, behavior, and the individual

Self-actualization- the complete realization of that of which one is capable, involving maximum development of abilities and full involvement in and appreciation for life, particularly as manifest in peak experiences

Self Concept- one’s description and evaluation of oneself, including psychological and physical characteristics, qualities, skills, roles, and so forth.

Self-determination- the process or result of engaging in behaviors without interference or undue influence from other people or external demands.

Self-efficacy- an individual’s subjective perception of their capability to perform in a given setting or to attain desired results, proposed by Albert Bandura as a primary determinant of emotional and motivational states and behavioral change.

Self Esteem- the degree to which the qualities and characteristics contained in one’s self-concept are perceived to be positive. It reflects a person’s physical self-image, view of their accomplishments and capabilities, and values and perceived success in living up to them, as well as the ways in which others view and respond to that person.

Sensation-seeking theory- the tendency to search out and engage in thrilling activities as a method of increasing stimulation and arousal.

Social Cognitive Theory- an extension of social learning theory to include the effects of cognitive processes, such as conceptions, judgment, and motivation, on an individual’s behavior and on the environment that influences them. Rather than passively absorbing knowledge from environmental inputs, individuals actively influence their learning by interpreting the outcomes of their actions, which then affects their environments and their personal factors, which in turn inform and alter subsequent behavior.

Superego - in psychoanalytic theory, the moral component of the personality that represents parental and societal standards and determines personal standards of right and wrong, or conscience, as well as aims and aspirations

Unconscious- in psychoanalytic theory, the region of the psyche containing memories, emotional conflicts, wishes, and repressed impulses that are not directly accessible to awareness but that have dynamic effects on thought and behavior.

Universal emotions- emotions that are believed to be experienced and expressed by all humans, regardless of cultural background or individual differences

Yerkes Dodson- a law stating that the relation between motivation (arousal) and performance can be represented by an inverted U-curve