China
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The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has shifted its basis of legitimacy from communist ideology to its capacity to meet the demands of the Chinese people.12 This shift is reflected in the CCP's repositioning as a "governing party" that responds to social demands.1
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The CCP uses mass organizations like the Communist Youth League, All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and All-China Women's Federation as channels for political education and participation to maintain its control.3
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China's economic and political systems can be characterized as a mixed economic system and an authoritarian political system.4
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China's government restricts the development of civil society, similar to Russia.5
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The Great Firewall is used by the Chinese government to limit political criticism on social media.6 This censorship mechanism reflects the authoritarian nature of the Chinese political system.
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China's National People's Congress is dominated by one political party, the CCP, similar to Russia's Duma.4 This limits the influence of other parties and reinforces the CCP's control over the legislative process.
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The one-child policy, implemented in the 1980s, significantly impacted China's fertility rate.78 The policy was implemented to address concerns about overpopulation.
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China's trade data shows significant growth in both exports and imports, particularly between 2001 and 2010.910 This growth reflects China's increasing integration into the global economy.
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Despite constitutional guarantees of civil liberties, the Chinese government imposes restrictions on civil society groups.11 These restrictions limit the ability of citizens to organize and advocate for their interests.
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China officially recognizes and protects the use of minority languages by approved minority groups.12 However, the government also promotes the use of Mandarin as the national language.
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The Chinese government has employed a multi-pronged approach in its economic relations with Africa, including foreign direct investment, development loans, agricultural investments, and the development of special trade and economic cooperation zones.1314
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The scale of Chinese loans to African nations is raising concerns about a potential debt crisis.14 This could have implications for the sovereignty of African nations and their ability to manage their economies.
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Economic liberalization policies in China have led to significant migration from the west to the east coast, where job growth has been concentrated.15
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Environmental sustainability policies in China are often difficult to implement because they can conflict with economic growth.16
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The Chinese government has, in some instances, responded to environmental activists by stopping certain damaging projects.17 This suggests that citizen activism can influence environmental policy in China.
Russia
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Russia is categorized as a hybrid regime.18 Hybrid regimes combine elements of democracy and authoritarianism
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