Units 1-8: Key Concepts to Remember
Unit 1: The Global Tapestry
Neolithic Revolution - Transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, seen in the Fertile Crescent around 10,000 BCE.
Cultural Diffusion - Spread of Buddhism from India to China along the Silk Road.
Patriarchy - Male dominance in social, political, and economic systems, such as in ancient Mesopotamia.
Polytheism - Belief in multiple gods, as seen in ancient Egyptian religion, such as Hinduism.
Empire - Large political entities with centralized authority, like the Roman Empire.
Unit 2: Networks of Exchange
Silk Roads - Trade routes connecting China to the Mediterranean, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures.
Trans-Saharan Trade - Trade across the Sahara Desert, linking West Africa to the Mediterranean and beyond.
Indian Ocean Trade - Maritime trade network connecting Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia.
Commercial Revolution - Economic changes in Europe, including the growth of banking and the rise of capitalism.
Columbian Exchange - Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia after Christopher Columbus' voyages.
Unit 3: Land-Based Empires
Ottoman Empire - Islamic empire based in Anatolia, Europe, and the Middle East, practiced Sunni Islam
Ming Dynasty - Chinese dynasty known for its maritime expeditions led by Zheng He.
Safavid Empire - Persian empire known for its Shi'a Islamic identity and conflict with the Ottomans.
Mughal Empire - Indian empire known for its cultural achievements and religious tolerance under Akbar, practiced Sunni Islam
Janissaries - Elite Ottoman military units composed of enslaved Christian boys converted to Islam.
Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections
Treaty of Tordesillas - Agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands outside of Europe.
Triangular Trade - Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the exchange of slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods.
Encomienda System - Spanish labor system in the Americas, where Spanish colonizers were granted land and Native American laborers in exchange for the conversion of native americans land to Christianity
Plantation System - Large-scale agricultural production in the Americas, relying on enslaved labor.
Indentured Servants - Laborers who worked under contract for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the Americas, seen in the British colonies.
Unit 5: Revolutions
Scientific Revolution - Transformation in scientific thinking and methodology, exemplified by Copernicus' heliocentric model.
Enlightenment - Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism, as seen in the writings of John Locke.
Industrial Revolution - Transition from agrarian to industrial societies, marked by technological advancements and urbanization.
Nationalism - Ideology emphasizing the importance of a shared national identity, contributing to revolutions and independence movements.
Communism - Ideology advocating for the abolition of private property and the establishment of a classless society, as theorized by Karl Marx. (Communist Manifesto)
Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization
Imperialism - Policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization and economic domination.
Social Darwinism - Application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society, used to justify imperialism.
Sphere of Influence - Areas where a foreign power has exclusive trading rights and influence, as seen in China during the late 19th century. (China and Europe during the Opium Wars, Europe had exclusive trading rights with China via the Treaty of Nanjing after the 2nd Opium War)
Sepoy Rebellion - Indian uprising against British rule, sparked by the use of animal fat on rifle cartridges.
Boxer Rebellion - Chinese rebellion against foreign influence and Christian missionaries in Europe, led by the secret society known as the Boxers.
Unit 7: Global Conflict
World War I - Global conflict between the Allied Powers/Triple Entente (France, US, Russia, Italy, and Japan) and the Central Powers/Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans, and Bulgaria) , sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Treaty of Versailles - Peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing harsh terms on Germany and contributing to resentment and instability.
Totalitarianism - Political system characterized by a single-party dictatorship, censorship, and state control over all aspects of life, as seen in Stalin's Soviet Union.
Fascism - Authoritarian ideology characterized by extreme nationalism and dictator rule, exemplified by Mussolini's Italy.
Cold War - State of tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR/Russia), marked by ideological, political, and military competition.
Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization
Truman Doctrine - US policy of providing economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism, as seen in Greece and Turkey.
Marshall Plan - US program providing economic aid to Western European countries to rebuild after World War II and prevent the spread of communism.
Decolonization - Process by which colonies gained independence from European imperial powers, as seen in India and African nations.
Apartheid - Racial segregation and discrimination policy in South Africa, institutionalized by the National Party.
Non-Aligned Movement - Group of countries that remained neutral during the Cold War, seeking to avoid alignment with either the United States or the Soviet Union
NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization): a military alliance formed in 1949 among Western European and North American countries to provide collective defense against the threat of Soviet expansion during the Cold War.
Warsaw Pact: a military alliance established in 1955 among the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries in response to the formation of NATO. It was dissolved in 1991 following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.