Crossword Answers Ch. 6-8

Chapter 6

• The strength of binding between one molecule and another → Affinity 

• A process by which natural killer cells target infected cells by binding to antibodies on the cell’s surface → ADCC (Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity) 

• The ability of lymphocytes to respond faster to a pathogen to which it has previously been exposed → memory 

• The accumulation of point mutations within the influenza genome that lead to small changes within the viral proteins → antigenic drift 

• When antibodies against one virus also recognize and protect against infection with a similar virus → cross reactivity 

• The immune response carried out by B lymphocytes and antibodies → humoral 

• The type of receptor that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns → Pattern recognition 

• A molecule that is specifically recognized by a T cell or B cell → Antigen 

• The protein receptor found on a T cell that recognizes a specific antigen → T-cell receptor 

• A major change in the surface proteins of influenza virus caused by the reassortment of genomic segments from two influenza subtypes → antigenic shift 

• The state in which a person is protected against becoming infected by a pathogen → Immunity

• Large phagocytic cell of the immune system → Macrophages 

• An innate cell that is capable of inducing apoptosis of virally-infected cells → Natural Killer

• Cell of the innate immune system that retrieve, process, and present antigen to T lymphocytes → Dendritic cells

• The state in which a virus becomes dormant (inactive) within the body → Latency

• A lymphocyte that has not previously encountered its cognate antigen → Naive 

• A secreted protein produced by plasma cells that specifically recognizes an antigen → Antibody 

• Molecules that are associated with a specific groups of pathogens → PAMP

• Small proteins often secreted by cells that induce intracellular signaling within the same, nearby, or distant cells → cytokines 

• The term for a B cell that is producing antibodies → Plasma cell  

• A signaling receptor on the surface of B lymphocytes that recognizes antigen → B cell receptor  

• The mixing of genome segments from two viral subtypes to form a novel subtype → reassortment 

• The molecule in which antigen is presented to T cells → MHC

• Orderly, programmed cell death → apoptosis 

• The presentation of antigen within MHC molecule to a T cell → Antigen Presentation

• The non-specific early arm of the immune system → innate  

• The type of T cell that is able to induce apoptosis of infected cells → cytotoxic 

• The process of inoculating an individual with an inactivated or weakened virus (or pieces of a virus) in order to stimulate their immunity → vaccination

• A type of cytokine that activates antiviral pathways within a cell → Interferons 

• A term referring to slightly different modified antibodies → isotypes

• The type of T cell that activates other immune cells, including B cells → Helper 

Chapter 7

• Laboratory test that uses an enzyme-conjugated antibody to determine the amount of antigen or antiviral antibody in a liquid patient sample → ELISA

• A technique in which patient antigens are run using PAGE and then transferred to a nitrocellulose or PVC membrane → Western Blots 

• The process of growing cells in vitro in controlled environmental conditions → Cell Culture

• The application of math and computer science to extract information from biological datasets → Bioinformatics

• A type of assay where fluorescent antibodies bind to viral antigens found in cells or tissues that have been fixed to a slide → Immunofluorescence 

• Short fragments of nucleic acids → Oglio

• A classification system used to define practices and procedures that must be employed when working with a specific pathogen → Biosafety Level

• The linking together of red blood cells, mediated by viral proteins or antibodies → Hemagglutination 

• A piece of equipment that uses HEPA filters to provide a sterile workspace and an environment that protects the user → BSC 

• The liquid portion of unclotted blood → Plasma 

• A large cell joined by the fusion of several cells → Syncytium 

• Tests involving blood, including those that assay for the presence of antibodies →Serology

• The visible changes of cells due to viral infection → Cytopathic effects

• A type of filter that removed 99.97% of particles with a size of 0.3 microns → HEPA

• The assay that reverse transcribes RNA into DNA before it is amplified → RT-PCR

• Examination of tissues → Histology 

• A test used to determine the infectious number of viral particles within a sample → Plaque Assay 

• A test in which thousands of oligonucleotides are added to known locations on a glass or silicon chip and bind to complementary pieces of DNA or RNA within a sample → DNA microarray 

• A laboratory procedure that rapidly replicates pieces of DNA → PCR 

• An assay in which patient samples travel along membrane and interact with antibody-coated colored latex beads → Agglutination 

• The liquid portion of blood after it has clotted → Serum 

Chapter 8

• A circular piece of double-stranded DNA that is often used for manipulating or cloning genes → Plasmid 

• A drug that must be metabolized in order to become active → Prodrug

• The deliberate inoculation of an individual with smallpox scabs in order to induce a lesser infection → Variolation

• A set of several antiviral drugs used against HIV → HAART 

• Therapeutics that interfere with viral replication → Antiviral

• A spectrum of mental disorders characterized by impaired communication and social interactions → Autism 

• A defective virus that does not contain all the viral genes necessary to create nascent virions → Satellite 

• The placement of a gene of interest, normally without its introns, into a plasmid → Gene Cloning

• The process of inoculating an individual with inactivated or weakened virus (or pieces of a virus) in order to stimulate their immune system into producing protective immunity → Vaccination 

• Drugs that interfere with reverse transcriptase but are not terminal nucleosides →  NNRTIs

• A substance that elicits an immune response → Immunogenic 

• Viruses that are able to infect cells but not replicate within them → Replication-defective 

• The term for a virus that is used to transfer genetic material → Vector

• A vaccine that uses whole virus that is unable to infect because it has been treated with high heat or a chemical, such as formalin → Inactivated 

• A nucleotide that lacks a phosphate group → nucleoside 

• The delivery of a normal copy of a gene into a cell to compensate for a non-functional defective gene → Gene Therapy 

• The movement of  cancerous cells from their initials site to a distant site →  Metastasis 

• A virus capable of killing a tumor/cancer → Oncolytic 

• A type of gene therapy that uses a viral vector to deliver enzyme genes that convert a prodrug into its active form → VDEPT  

• The HIV enzyme that inserts the provirus into a host chromosome → Integrase 

• The HIV enzyme that causes maturation → Protease

• Term for the cells that are used to create replication-defective virus → Packaging Cell Line 

• A Latin term that indicates cells or tissues have been removed from a living organism → ex vivo

• The immune response pertaining to antibody production → Humoral

• Freeze-dried → Lyophilized 

• A vaccine formulation consisting of live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses → MMR 

• A Latin term that indicates cells or tissues have been modified within a living organism → in vivo

• The transfer of immune system components, such as antibody, that temporarily provide protection from infection → Passive immunity 

• Antigens that are present only in cancer cells → cancer antigen 

• A substance used in vaccines that enhances the immune response → Adjuvant 

• The immune response carried out by T lymphocytes → Cell mediated 

• Using viruses for therapeutic purposes → virotherapy 

• Experimental vaccines that inject DNA into a person’s cells, which transcribe and translate in into a protein → DNA vaccines 

Weakend (referring to a virus) → Attenuated