CHAPTER 5 VOCABULARY

·       Absorption – passage of materials in walls of small intestine to blood stream

·       Amino acids – small building blocks of protein, released when proteins are digested

·       Amylase – enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o)

·       Appendix – blind pouch hanging from the cecum in the RLQ. It literally means hanging

·       Pend/o = onto

·       Bile – digestive juice made in the liver and stored in gallbladder, it breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. It is composed of bile pigments, cholesterol and bile salts making it have a bitter taste

·       Bilirubin – pigment released by liver in bile

·       Bowel – intestine

·       Canine Teeth – pointed, dog like teeth next to incisors, also called cuspids or eyeteeth

·       Cecum – first part of the large intestine

·       Colon – portion of large intestine consisting of ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid segments

·       Common bile duct – carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

·       Deglutition – swallowing

·       Dentin – primary material found in teeth, covered by enamel in the crown and protective layer of cementum in the root

·       Digestion – breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

·       Duodenum – first part of small intestine. Duo = two, den = 10. The duodenum measures 12 inches long

·       Emulsification – breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules increasing the area that enzymes can use to digest fat.

·       Enamel – hard outermost layer of a tooth

·       Enzyme – chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex food to simpler substances.

·       Esophagus – tube connecting throat to stomach.

·       Eso – means inward, phag/o – means swallowing

·       Fatty acids – substances produced when fats are digested

·       Fecal = pertaining to feces

·       Glucose – simple sugar

·       Glycogen – starch, glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

·       Hydrochloric acid – strong acid made by stomach to help digestion

·       Gallbladder – small sac under the liver that stores bile

·       Ileum – third part of small intestine, when viewed at autopsy is appears twisted, often an area of obstruction

·       Incisor – any one of the four front teeth in dental arch

·       Insulin – hormone produced by endocrine cells in the pancreas helping to transport sugar to body cells

·       Jejunum – second part of small intestine, always empty when a body is examined after death

·       Lipase – pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

·       Liver – large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. It secretes bile, stores sugar, iron and vitamins, produces blood proteins, destroys worn out red blood cells and filters out toxins. An adult liver weighs about 2.5-3 LBS.

·       Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) – ring of muscles between esophagus and stomach also called “cardiac sphincter.

·       Mastication – chewing

·       Molar teeth – three large flat teeth at back of the mouth. Premolar teeth are two teeth before the molars.

·       Hard Palate – roof of mouth

·       Maxilla – upper jaw bone

·       Soft palate – behind the hard palate

·       Pancreas – organ behind the stomach that produces insulin and enzymes

·       Papillae – small ridges on tongue containing taste buds

·       Parotid gland – salivary glands within the cheek anterior to the ear.

·       Par- = near

·       Oto = ear

·       Peristalsis – rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. In the gastrointestinal tract the peristalsis moves contents through at different rates stomach 0.5 to 2 hours; small intestine 2-6 hours; and colon 6-72 hours.

·       Peri- = surrounding

·       -stalsis = constriction

·       Pharynx – throat

·       Portal vein – large vein bringing blood to the liver from intestines

·       Protease – enzyme that digests protein

·       Pulp – soft tissue within tooth containing nerves and blood vessels

·       Pyloric sphincter – ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near duodenum. It is normally closed but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it

·       Pylorus – distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

·       Rectum – last section of the large intestine connecting the end of the colon to the anus

·       Rugae – ridges on hard palate and the wall of stomach

·       Saliva – digestive juice produced by salivary glands containing enzyme amylase, which begins digestion of starch to sugar

·       Salivary glands – parotid, sublingual, submandibular glands

·       Sigmoid colon – lower s-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum

·       Sphincter – circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

·       Stomach – muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus, the parts of the stomach are fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section).

·       Triglycerides – fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol. They are a subgroup of lipids. Another type of lipid is cholesterol

·       Uvula – soft tissue hanging from roof of mouth in the back before the throat

·       Villi (singular ; villus) – microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the blood stream