unit 3 euro

Vocabulary:

• Heresy: Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine.

• John Wyclif: An English theologian and early dissenting church leader who contested the Catholic Church's teachings.

• Lollards: Followers of John Wyclif who advocated for reform in the church and the translation of the Bible into English.

• John Hus: A Czech theologian and reformer who was a leader of the Hussite movement, advocating for church reform.

• Council of Constance: A council held from 1414 to 1418 that aimed to resolve various church disputes, leading to the condemnation of John Hus.

• Julius II: A papal figure known for his military and political leadership, sometimes referred to as the "Warrior Pope."

• Corruption: Dishonest or unethical conduct, often in the context of power and authority in the church.

• Nepotism: Favoritism shown to relatives or friends by those in power, often seen in the appointments within the church.

• Christian Humanism: A movement that sought to reconcile classical humanism with Christian faith, emphasizing the study of classical texts.

• Erasmus: A Dutch philosopher and theologian who was a key figure in Christian Humanism, known for his writings.

• The Praise of Folly: A satirical work by Erasmus that criticized corrupt church practices and emphasized the need for reform.

• Thomas More: An English lawyer and statesman known for his book "Utopia," which presents a vision of a perfect society.

• Utopia: A fictional island in Thomas More's book representing an ideal community with harmonious social practices.

• Pluralism: The practice of holding multiple church offices or positions, often criticized for leading to neglect of pastoral duties.

• Indulgence: A grant by the Pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory for sins already forgiven.

• Martin Luther: A German monk whose advocacy for reform in the Catholic church led to the Protestant Reformation.

• Sacraments: Religious rites considered to confer grace, fundamental to Christian faith.

• Justification by Faith: The doctrine that faith in Christ is sufficient to secure salvation, a core tenet of Protestantism.

• Ulrich Zwingli: A leader of the Reformation in Switzerland who had significant theological disagreements with Martin Luther.

• Anabaptists: A group that formed during the Reformation advocating for adult baptism and separation of church and state.

• King Henry VIII: The English king known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Catholic Church.

• Cardinal Wolsey: A prominent English churchman and statesman who served as Chief Minister to King Henry VIII.

• Thomas Cromwell: An English lawyer who was a chief minister to Henry VIII and played a key role in the English Reformation.

• Act of Supremacy (1534): Legislation that declared King Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

• Treason Act: A law that made it treasonous to deny the king's authority over the Church.

• Thomas More: Author of "Utopia" and staunch opponent of Henry VIII’s annulment and the Act of Supremacy.

• Dissolution of the Monasteries: The process by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries in England, distributing their income and land to the crown.

• King Edward VI (1547-1553): The son of Henry VIII whose reign marked a further Protestant shift in England.

• Book of Common Prayer (1547): A book containing prayers and liturgical services used in the Church of England.

• Queen Mary I (1553-1558): The daughter of Henry VIII, known for her attempt to revert England back to Catholicism, earning the nickname “Bloody Mary.”

• "Bloody Mary": A nickname for Queen Mary I due to her persecution of Protestants during her reign.

• John Calvin: A French theologian whose teachings on predestination and the sovereignty of God became foundational to Reformed Christianity.

• Institutes of Christian Religion (1536): A seminal work by John Calvin laying out his interpretation of Protestant theology.

• Predestination: The doctrine that God has eternally chosen those who will be saved or damned.

• The Consistory: A church court established in Geneva under Calvin’s influence to regulate moral behavior and doctrine.

• John Knox: A Scottish minister and leader of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland who founded the Presbyterian Church.

• Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603): The daughter of Henry VIII whose reign established Protestantism as the dominant religion in England.

• The Act of Uniformity: Legislation establishing the Book of Common Prayer as the only legal form of worship in England.

• The 39 Articles of Religion: A document outlining the doctrine of the Church of England, established during Elizabeth I’s reign.

• Mary Queen of Scots: A Catholic rival to Elizabeth I whose execution was a significant event in the Protestant-Catholic conflict.

• Puritan: A member of a group of English Protestants who aimed to purify the church of all Catholic practices.

• The Spanish Armada: A fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England, which ended in disaster for Spain.

• Huguenots: French Calvinist Protestants who faced severe persecution in Catholic France.

• Henry of Navarre: A leader of the Huguenots and later King Henry IV of France, known for issuing the Edict of Nantes.

• Catherine de Medici: The wife of Henry II of France, who played a key role in the French Wars of Religion.

• French Wars of Religion: A series of civil wars in France between Catholics and Huguenots in the late 16th century.

• Politiques: A group of moderate leaders in France who sought an end to the religious wars and advocated for political stability.

• St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572): A coordinated attack on Huguenots in Paris, leading to thousands of deaths.

• Edict of Nantes (1598): A decree issued by Henry IV granting religious freedom to Huguenots in France.

• King Philip II (1556-1598): King of Spain, known for his defense of Catholicism and his conflicts with Protestant nations.

• "The Most Catholic King": A title often associated with King Philip II due to his zeal for the Catholic faith.

• The Council of Troubles: A council convened by Philip II to handle regional issues, often associated with repression in the Netherlands.

• Duke of Parma: A general under Philip II known for his effective military tactics in the Netherlands.

• The United Provinces: The northern provinces that broke away from Spanish rule, leading to the establishment of the Dutch Republic.

• Catholic Reformation: A movement within the Catholic Church to reform and renew Catholic piety and practices in response to the Protestant Reformation.

• The Jesuits: A religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola focusing on education, missionary work, and the defense of the Catholic faith.

• Ignatius of Loyola: The founder of the Jesuit order, known for his spiritual exercises and educational reform.

• The Roman Inquisition: A church tribunal established to combat heresy and enforce Catholic doctrine.

• The Index of Forbidden Books: A list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Catholic Church.

• Council of Trent: A major ecumenical council that addressed church reform and clarified Catholic theology in response to the Protestant Reformation.

• Philip Melanchthon: A Protestant reformer who collaborated with Martin Luther and helped develop Lutheran theology.

• Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648): A devastating conflict in Europe largely driven by religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants.

• The Catholic League: An alliance of Catholic states formed to counter the Protestant Union during the Thirty Years’ War.

• The Protestant Union: A coalition of Protestant German states formed to defend themselves against Catholic aggression during the Thirty Years’ War.

• Peace of Westphalia (1648): A series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years’ War, marking a turning point in European political life and religious tolerance.