APHUG 7.2

Warm Up

• List important factors in understanding how developed a country is.

Levels of Development

• Unit 7 Day 2

Objectives

• Students will be able to describe measures of development, how changes contribute to gender parity, and explain different theories of economic and social development.

• AP Learning Goals:

  • 7.3 Describe social and economic measures of development.

  • 7.4 Explain how and to what extent changes in economic development have contributed to gender parity.

  • 7.5 Explain different theories of economic and social development.

Vocabulary

• GDP: Gross Domestic Product

• GNP: Gross National Product

• GNI: Gross National Income

• Per capita: Value per person.

• Formal economy: Legal economy governed by regulations.

• Informal economy: Unregulated economy not monitored by the government.

• Income distribution: How income is distributed among the population.

• Fertility rates: Average number of children born to a woman.

• Infant mortality rates: Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

• Renewable energy: Energy from naturally replenished sources.

• Literacy rates: Percentage of people who can read and write.

• GII: Gender Inequality Index

• Reproductive health: Health related to the reproductive system.

• Empowerment: Increasing the societal, personal, and political strength of individuals.

• HDI: Human Development Index

• Microloans: Small loans provided to individuals to start businesses.

• Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth: Theory of economic development.

• Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory: Theory focusing on global economic systems.

• Dependency Theory: Theory emphasizing dependency relationships.

• Commodity dependence: Reliance on primary agricultural or mineral goods.

Measures of Development

• Development originates from the Industrial Revolution and technological innovations.

• Production increases material wealth but does not guarantee happiness, social stability, or environmental balance.

• Various approaches exist to measure development, each with advantages and disadvantages.

GNP and GDP

• Gross National Product (GNP): Total value of goods/services produced by citizens and corporations, including overseas production.

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total value of goods/services produced within a country.

Gross National Income (GNI)

• Monetary value of production + income from investments - income payments to other countries.

• Standardized via per capita GNI which divides GNI by population.

• GNI focuses only on the formal economy and excludes the informal economy.

Issues with GNI

• GNI per capita may mask wealth inequality.

• It overlooks non-monetary production costs like environmental damage.

• Limitations of GNI prompt exploration of alternative economic measures.

Alternative Measures

• Work production efficiency based on worker count.

• Digital divide: Inaccessibility of the internet.

• Dependency ratio: Number of dependents per 100 working-age individuals.

• Other welfare indicators include literacy, infant mortality, life expectancy, food expenses, and savings per capita.

UN Human Development Index (HDI)

• Measures human development via social, economic, and demographic indicators:

  • Long and Healthy Life: Life expectancy.

  • Knowledge: Expected and mean schooling.

  • Decent Standard of Living: GNI per PPP.

Gross National Happiness

• Measurement of happiness that guides Bhutan's political philosophy.

• Focus on good governance, balanced economic development, ecological resilience, and cultural resilience.

Counting the Work of Women

• Women's work is often undervalued and uncounted in economic statistics.

• Statistics assume household chores are female responsibilities, which are not seen as contributing to economic productivity.

Women and Wealth

• Valuing women's household productivity could increase GNI by one-third.

• Despite entering formal economies, women earn less and face disparities in access to food and education.

• A significant portion of the world's poor are women, and a majority lack access to financial resources compared to men.

Women in Sub-Saharan Africa

• Rural women dominate agriculture as men migrate to urban sectors.

• Women produce 70% of food without modern technology; cash crops often labeled as "men's crops."

• Many women advocate for government representation, with Rwanda leading in female legislative representation post-civil war.

Gender Inequality and Development

• Gender inequality persists, with the GII addressing reproductive health, labor-market participation, and empowerment indices.

• UN reports indicate women perform three times more unpaid labor than men, highlighting ongoing inequalities.

Gender Inequality Index

• Map displaying levels of GII from very high to low inequality, indicating global disparities in gender equity.

Rostow’s Modernization Model

• Describes five stages of economic development:

  1. Traditional subsistence farming.

  2. Preconditions of takeoff: New leadership and diversification.

  3. Takeoff: Industrial Revolution-like growth.

  4. Drive to maturity: Technological diffusion and global trade.

  5. High mass consumption: Widespread production and income.

Alternative Theories

• Neocolonialism: Continued control of poorer nations by major world powers.

• Structuralist theory: Large-scale economic structures influence a country's development.

• Dependency theory: Political and economic links limit development in lower-income regions.

World Systems Theory

• Immanuel Wallerstein's model emphasizes geography and history in global economic dynamics.

• Three-tier structure: Core, semiperiphery, and periphery, explaining global connections.

• Core regions benefit from wealth generation, while peripheral economies require lower skills and labor.

• Semiperipheries act as intermediaries between core and peripheral economies.

Exit Ticket

• Explain how modernization and development have facilitated increased equality for women in numerous countries.