1. The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing communication between them.

2. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, balance, and posture.

3. Interneurons function to relay signals between sensory neurons and motor neurons within the central nervous system.

4. Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system.

5. The events of a nerve impulse, in order, are resting potential, depolarization, action potential, repolarization, and return to resting potential.

6. A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance that transmits signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.

7. The part of the brain responsible for speech is Broca's area.

8. The hypothalamus regulates various autonomic functions including temperature, hunger, and thirst, and controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

9. The medulla oblongata controls autonomic functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

10. The sequence of nerves as they exit the spinal cord is cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

11. The hormone that controls the rate of erythrocyte production is erythropoietin.

12. The protein that coagulates to form a clot is fibrin.

13. Agglutination is the clumping of particles, such as blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody reaction.

14. The prevalence of leukocytes in order is Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas).

15. Applying sterile gauze helps a cut by absorbing blood, promoting clot formation, and reducing the risk of infection.

16. Coagulation is the process of blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

17. The liver synthesizes clotting factors.

18. Blood typing/transfusion rules state that blood types must be matched to avoid immune reactions, with O negative being the universal donor and AB positive being the universal recipient.

19. Hemolysis is the destruction or rupture of red blood cells.

20. Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) is the serum used to prevent sensitization to Rh antigens.

21. Systemic circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

22. The coronary arteries nourish the myocardium with oxygenated blood.

23. The SA node (sinoatrial node) is the natural pacemaker of the heart, initiating the electrical impulses that set the heart rate.

24. Valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood.

25. The superior and inferior vena cavae return deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart.

26. The hepatic portal vein drains the digestive organs of blood for transport to the liver.

27. At the capillary bed, blood pressure forces fluid out of the capillaries while osmotic pressure draws fluid back in.

28. The path of an impulse via the intrinsic conduction system of the heart is SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Right and Left Bundle Branches → Purkinje fibers.

29. The "lub" represents the closing of the atrioventricular valves, and the "dup" represents the closing of the semilunar valves.

30. The layers of a typical blood vessel, in order, are tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.

31. The serous membrane layers of the lungs are the visceral pleura (covering the lungs) and the parietal pleura (lining the chest cavity).

32. The respiratory zone comprises the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

33. External respiration is the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

34. When carbon dioxide is dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid.

35. The medulla oblongata and pons are the brain structures that control respiratory and breathing rates.

36. The pathway for airflow through the respiratory system is nose/mouth → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.

37. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the respiratory membrane by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls.

38. Surfactant is the lipid molecule critical to lung function at the alveolar surfaces.

39. A collapsed lung, or pneumothorax, occurs when air enters the pleural cavity, causing the lung to collapse.

40. Carbon dioxide is most often transported in blood plasma as bicarbonate ions.

41. Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen into its active form, pepsin.

42. The proximal end of the small intestine is the duodenum, and the distal end is the ileum.

43. The functions of the small intestine include nutrient absorption, digestion of food, and transport of waste to the large intestine.

44. The purpose of mastication (chewing) is to break down food into smaller pieces and mix it with saliva to form a bolus for easier swallowing and digestion.

45. Peristalsis is the process that moves food along the digestive tract.

46. Digestion is primarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system and various digestive hormones.

47. The constituents of pancreatic juice include digestive enzymes (such as amylase, lipase, and proteases) and bicarbonate ions.

48. Peyer’s patches function to monitor intestinal bacteria and prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines.

49. Intrinsic factor is important for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

50. Rugae are folds in the stomach lining that allow it to expand when full.

51. Complement fixation is a process in which the complement system enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.

52. The function of the spleen includes filtering blood, recycling old red blood cells, and storing white blood cells and platelets.

53. The body's first line of defense includes physical and chemical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes.

54. Interferons are proteins that help defend against viral infections by interfering with viral replication and activating immune cells.

55. An antigen is a molecule or molecular structure that is recognized by the immune system as foreign and can provoke an immune response.

56. Another name for Killer T cells is Cytotoxic T cells.

57. The function of the adaptive defense system is to recognize specific antigens and mount a targeted immune response.

58. Humoral immunity is provided by antibodies produced by B cells.

59. Plasma cells assist with humoral immunity by producing large quantities of antibodies specific to the antigens encountered.

60. A transfusion of foreign blood type results in an immune response causing agglutination and hemolysis of the incompatible blood cells.

61. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

62. Filtrate is captured in the Bowman's capsule when first filtered from the blood.

63. Filtrate contains water, salts, glucose, amino acids, urea, and other small molecules.

64. The trigone is a triangular area in the urinary bladder, bordered by the openings of the ureters and the urethra.

65. The internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) prevents urine from leaving the bladder, and the external urethral sphincter (voluntary) allows control over urination.

66. The thirst mechanism, regulated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, makes us want and drink water.

67. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus react to changes in blood composition to release ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

68. The kidneys use the buffer system by reabsorbing bicarbonate ions and secreting hydrogen ions to regulate blood pH.

69. The peritubular capillaries surround the renal tubule.

70. The sections of the renal tubule are the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.

71. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels and stimulates aldosterone release to increase blood pressure.

72. The urinary bladder is able to expand as it fills due to its transitional epithelium and elastic tissue.

73. The renal hilum is the entry and exit site for structures such as the ureter, blood vessels, and nerves in the kidney.

74. The renal arteries, extensions of the aorta, bring blood into the kidneys.

75. The male urethra functions to carry urine from the bladder to the outside of the body and to transport semen during ejaculation.

76. Water-soluble hormones use the second messenger system to activate target cells.

77. The body’s major metabolic hormone is thyroxine (T4), produced by the thyroid gland.

78. Iodine is important to the diet because it is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones.

79. The kidneys release the enzyme renin to stimulate the release of aldosterone.

80. Insulin is the hormone that decreases blood glucose levels.

81. The pituitary gland has a close relationship with the hypothalamus.

82. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is released as a result of the “fight or flight” response.

83. Alcohol causes dehydration by inhibiting the release of ADH, leading to increased urine production.

84. Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, regulate electrolyte and water balance.

85. The male sex hormones are androgens, primarily testosterone.

86. Beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin, while alpha cells produce glucagon.

87. The function of melatonin is to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

88. Thymosin allows T cells to gain immunocompetency.

89. Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones.

90. Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus regulate the anterior pituitary gland's secretion of hormones.

91. The function of the testes is to produce sperm and testosterone.

92. The prostate is located below the bladder and surrounds the urethra.

93. The function of the prostate is to secrete prostate fluid, one of the components of semen, which helps nourish and transport sperm.

94. Prostatic fluid, which comes from the prostate gland, activates sperm.

95. The pathway of sperm during ejaculation is: testes → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra.

96. The female reproductive organs, specifically the ovaries, produce eggs (ova) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

97. The function of the fallopian tubes is to transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus and to provide the site for fertilization.

98. The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus that thickens in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo and is shed during menstruation if fertilization does not occur.

99. The effects of estrogen include the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and maintenance of reproductive tissues.

100. The effect of oxytocin includes stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth and promoting the release of milk during breastfeeding.