Section 12_03 (1)

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Ling200 Section AA/AD Sociolinguistics 2

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• Sociolinguistics: Focuses on both inter-speaker and intra-speaker variations.

  • Inter-speaker variation: Variations between different speakers and dialects.

  • Intra-speaker variation: Variations within an individual's language use.

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• Speech styles/registers: Systematic variations in speech influenced by social factors such as topic, setting, and formality.

  • Style shifting: Automatic adjustment from one speech style to another, similar to codeswitching.

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• Slang: Informal words and expressions.

  • Common slang: Used in everyday conversations (e.g., fridge, TV).

  • In-group slang: Indicates membership in a specific social sphere (e.g., slay, lit).

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• Dialects: Defined by geographic factors.

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• Regional dialects: Also defined by geographic factors.

  • Isoglosses: Lines on a map marking boundaries of specific linguistic features.

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• Dialect leveling: The canceling out of dialectal differences through prolonged intermingling of different dialect speakers.

  • Example: Dialects on the West Coast sound similar due to this phenomenon.

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• Standard dialects: Varieties typically spoken by political leaders and upper classes, often perceived as carrying the most prestige.

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• Non-standard dialects: Any dialect perceived as not standard.

  • Myths about non-standard dialects: Not inferior, sub-standard, illogical, ungrammatical, or uneducated.

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• Prestige:

  • Associated with a dialect is arbitrary, not based on linguistic or scientific criteria.

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• Prestige of dialects:

  • Standard dialects have overt prestige, while non-standard dialects may carry covert prestige.

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• Overt vs Covert Prestige:

  • Overt prestige: Example: AAE (African American English) speaker using SAE (Standard American English) syntax among SAE speakers.

  • Covert prestige: Example: An SAE speaker adopting a Southern drawl or AAE syntax in their respective social groups.

  • Style shifting and codeswitching involve altering speech patterns to fit social contexts.

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• Hypercorrection:

  • Production of prescriptively non-standard forms while attempting to create standard forms.

  • Driven by the desire for overt prestige.

  • Examples include mispronunciations or unnaturally formed sentences:

    • Non-rhotic speakers saying "idea" as [aɪdiɹ̩].

    • Overly formal phrasing like "To whom did you give the book to?"

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• Prestige: The association of prestige with dialects remains arbitrary, lacking linguistic or scientific motivations.

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• TED Talk by Dr. John Baugh:

  • Linguistic profiling: Using auditory cues to infer social characteristics leading to discrimination against non-standard dialects.

  • Quote: "Everybody has an accent. If you speak, you have an accent..."

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• Worksheet and Reminders: An answer key will be posted. Canvas resources available. Raise hands for questions.

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• Reminders:

  • Quiz 8 due by 12/3, 11:59 PM.

  • Participation survey due by Friday.

  • Topics include: computational linguistics, exam review, language contact/change, and final exam.

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• Quiz 8 Study Tips:

  • Identify sociolinguistic features and patterns.

  • Distinguish between speech styles/registers (e.g. slang, jargon).

  • Understand dialectal variations.

  • Grasp concepts of overt and covert prestige.

  • Read and analyze sociolinguistic graphs.

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• Quarter Schedule:

  • Important dates and topics are highlighted.

  • Noteworthy events include Homework 5, Quiz 8, and Final Exam.

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• Final Exam Details:

  • Open for 24 hours on Dec 11: 12:01 AM - 11:59 PM.

  • Time limit: 110 minutes to complete 62 questions plus 3 bonus questions.

  • Cumulative and closed-note.