HGAP review

Cartography

• Study and creation of maps.

Contemporary Tools in Geography

• GPS (Global Positioning System): A satellite-based navigation system used to determine precise locations on Earth.
• GIS (Geographic Information System): A computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface.
• Remote Sensing: Acquiring information about the Earth's surface without physical contact, often through aerial or satellite imagery.
• Photogrammetry: The science of obtaining reliable measurements from photographs, often used in mapmaking and surveying.

Cultural Ecology

• Human-Environment Interaction (HEI): The relationship between humans and their environment.
• Environmental Determinism: The belief that the environment dictates human actions and societal development (largely discredited).
• Possibilism: The theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.
• Cultural Determinism: The belief that culture primarily shapes human behavior and societies.
• Five Themes of Geography: A framework for studying geography, including location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region.
• Place: A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic.
• Location: The position of anything on Earth's surface.
  • Absolute Location: Exact location using coordinates (latitude and longitude).
  • Relative Location: Location in relation to other places (situation).
• Movement: The mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet.
• Human-Environment Interaction: The reciprocal relationship between humans and the environment.
• Regionalization: The process of dividing the world into regions.
  • Formal (Uniform) Region: An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
  • Functional (Nodal) Region: An area organized around a node or focal point.
  • Perceptual (Vernacular) Region: An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

Geography

• Human Geography: The study of the spatial variations in the patterns and processes related to human activity.
• Physical Geography: The study of natural processes and the distribution of features in the environment.

Latitude Zones

• Low (Tropics): The region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
• Middle: The regions between the tropics and the polar circles.
• High (Poles): The regions around the North and South Poles.

Globalization

• Distance Decay: The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
• Space-Time Compression: The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place, making distant places feel closer together.
• Transnational Corporations: Companies that operate in many countries.

Types of Maps

• Cartogram: A map in which the size of areas is shown in proportion to the value of a particular variable.
• Choropleth Map: A map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.
• Contour/Topographic Map: A map showing elevation using contour lines.
• Dot Density/Distribution Map: A map that uses dots to represent the frequency of a variable in a given area.
• Graduated Symbol Map: A map with symbols that change in size to represent different values.
• Isoline Map: A map that connects points of equal value (e.g., temperature).
• Physical Map: A map showing natural features such as mountains, rivers, and deserts.
• Political Map: A map showing countries, states, and their boundaries.

Map Components

• Parallels (Latitudes): Lines that run east to west and measure distance north or south of the Equator.
• Meridians (Longitudes): Lines that run north to south and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.
• Scale: The relationship between the size of an object on a map and its size on the actual Earth surface.
  • Fractional/Ratio Scale: 1:24,000
  • Written Scale: "One inch equals one mile"
  • Graphical Scale: A bar line marked to show distance on the earth’s surface.
• Grid System: A network of lines that cross each other to form a series of squares or rectangles, used to determine absolute location (coordinates).

Map Distortion

• Direction: The orientation of features on a map.
• Distance: The length between two points on a map.
• Relative Size: The area of different regions on a map.
• Shape: The form of a feature on a map.

Map Projections

• Gall-Peters (Equal Area): A map projection that shows the correct size of landmasses but distorts their shapes.
• Conic: A map projection in which the surface of the Earth is projected onto a cone.
• Planar (Azimuthal): A map projection in which the surface of the Earth is projected onto a flat plane.
• Robinson: A compromise map projection that attempts to minimize all types of distortion.
• Mercator: A map projection that preserves shape and direction but distorts area, making landmasses near the poles appear larger than they are.
• Goodes (Interrupted Equal Area): A map projection that minimizes distortion by interrupting the land masses with gaps.

Notable Geographers

• The Greeks: Early contributors to geography.
• The British:
  • John Snow: Known for his work on mapping cholera outbreaks in London.
  • Thomas Malthus: Known for his theories on population growth.
• The Americans:
  • George Perkins Marsh: Known for his early work on environmental degradation.
  • Carl Sauer: Known for his work on cultural landscapes.
• Others:
  • Walter Christaller: Developed central place theory.
  • Walt Rostow: Developed the stages of economic growth.
  • Johann Heinrich von Thünen: Developed a model of agricultural land use.
  • Alfred Weber: Developed a theory of industrial location.
  • Immanuel Wallerstein: Developed world-systems theory.

Place

• Toponym: The name given to a place on Earth.
• Site: The physical character of a place.
• Situation (Relative Location): The location of a place relative to other places.
• Mathematical Location (Absolute Location): The precise location of a place, usually expressed in coordinates.

Research

• Qualitative Data: Data that is descriptive and conceptual, often obtained through interviews and surveys.
• Quantitative Data: Data that can be measured numerically.

Scales of Analysis

• Local: A small-scale perspective, such as a neighborhood or community.
• National: A country-wide perspective.
• Regional: A perspective that focuses on a specific region within a country or across multiple countries.
• Global: A world-wide perspective.
• County/Country/Continental: Examples of different scales of analysis.

Spatial Analysis

• The study of geographic phenomena in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas, or surfaces on a map.

Spatial Patterns

• Density: The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
• Concentration: The extent of a feature's spread over space.
• Clustered: Objects are close together.
• Dispersed: Objects are spread out.
• Random: No specific order.
• Linear: Arranged in a line.
• Rectilinear: Arranged in a grid pattern.
• Centralized: Clustered around a central point.
• US Land Ordinance of 1785: A systematic survey and division of land in the United States.

Spatial Perspective

• An intellectual framework for looking at the world in terms of location.

Time Zones

• Domestic Time Zones:
  • Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific.
• Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): The time at the Prime Meridian (0° longitude).
• International Date Line: An imaginary line on the surface of the Earth that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and demarcates the boundary between one calendar day and the next.

Unit 2 – Population & Migration

• Arable land: Land suited for agriculture.
• Brain gain and Brain drain: Brain drain is the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country. Brain gain is the opposite.
• Chain migration: The social process by which immigrants from a particular town follow one another to a particular city or area.
• Circulation: Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements of people on a regular basis.
  • Activity Space: The space within which daily activity occurs.
  • Awareness Space: Knowledge of opportunity locations beyond normal activity space.
  • Space Time Prism: The set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point.
• Ecumene: The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
• Equations of Population Growth:
  • Rate of Natural Increase (RNI or NIR):
    • RNI = (CBR - CDR) \div 10 (expressed as a percentage)
    • positive/negative
  • Net migration (Net in/out)
  • Demographic equation: accounts for natural increase and net migration
    • Population Change = (Births - Deaths) + (Immigration - Emigration)
• Global Distributions:
  • World Population concentrations
  • The Six major Clusters
• Demographic Indicators:
  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
    • CBR = (Number of Births \div Population) * 1000
  • Crude Death Rate (CDR)
    • CDR = (Number of Deaths \div Population) * 1000
  • Dependency Ratio: Number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.
    • Dependency Ratio = ((Population under 15) + (Population over 64)) \div (Population 15-64) * 100
  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
    • IMR = (Number of deaths of infants under 1 year old \div Total Live Births) * 1000
  • Life Expectancy: The average number of years a person can expect to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR):
    • TFR: The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.
  • Sex Ratio: The number of males per 100 females in the population.
• Demographic momentum: The tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.
• Density:
  • Arithmetic density: The total number of people divided by the total land area.
    • Arithmetic Density = Population \div Land Area
  • Physiological density: The number of people per unit area of arable land.
    • Physiological Density = Population \div Arable Land Area
  • Agricultural density: The number of farmers per unit area of arable land..
    • Agricultural Density = Number of Farmers \div Arable Land Area
• Doubling time: The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
  * Doubling Time = 70 \div Growth Rate
• Immigration vs Emigration patterns: Immigration is migration to a new location. Emigration is migration from a location.
• Immigration Policies:
  • Quota law
• Intervening Obstacles vs Intervening Opportunities: An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration. An intervening opportunity is something that causes a migrant to stop short of their destination
• International migration: Permanent movement from one country to another.
• Internal migration: Permanent movement within the same country.
  • Interregional migration: Movement from one region of a country to another.
  • Intraregional Migration: Movement within one region of a country.
• Migration Patterns/flows: The routes and streams of movement of people from one place to another.
• Migration Selectivity: The concept that potential migrants are not a random sample of the population.
• Migrant Workers:
  • Guest workers: Workers who migrate to more developed countries in search of higher-paying jobs.
  • Time contract workers: Workers recruited for a fixed period of time.
  • Undocumented workers: Individuals who migrate into a country without legal authorization.
• Outbreak Scale:
  • Endemic: A disease that is constantly present in a population.
  • Epidemic: A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.
  • Pandemic: An epidemic that is geographically widespread and affects a large proportion of the population.
• Overpopulation:
  • Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of individuals that a given environment can support.
  • Sustainability: The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
  • Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
  • Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration:
  • Distance Decay**: The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
  • Gravity Model**: A model which holds that the interaction between two places is proportional to the product of their populations divided by the square of the distance between them.
    • Interaction = (population1 * population2) \div distance^2
• Refugees vs Internally displaced peoples: Refugees are people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution. Internally displaced persons are people who have been forced to migrate within their home country for political reasons.
• Revolutions:
  • Industrial Revolution (see DTM)
  • Medical Revolution (see DTM)
• Population Patterns:
  • Growth Overtime:
    • Doubling Time
    • J-Curve: A growth curve that depicts exponential growth.
    • S-Curve: A growth curve that depicts logistic growth.
  • Global Distribution Patterns:
    • Six Major Clusters
    • Latitude?
    • Hemisphere?
    • Physical features?
    • Human Features?
  • Sparsely Settled Areas (Arid, Wet, Cold , High)
• Population Policies:
  • Pronatality vs Antinatality: Pronatalist policies encourage child birth, while antinatalist policies discourage it.
  • One Child Policy: Is an example of an antinatalist policy.
• Population Pyramids:
  • Stage 1,2,3,4 or 5
    • A bar graph that displays the percentage of a place's population for each age and gender.
• Push (centrifugal) & pull (centripetal) factors
  • Cultural/Social
  • Economic
  • Environmental
  • Political
• Thomas Malthus & overpopulation –
  • Arithmetic Growth (Linear):
    • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
  • Geometric Growth (Exponential):
    • 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
  • Neo-Malthusians
    • advocate for policies that will reduce population growth.
  • Critics of Malthus
• Transition Models:
  • Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
  • Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
  • Migration Transition Model (MTM)
    • Migration between countries depend on stage in demographic transition model
      • International- stage 2
      • Internal- stages 3&4
• Voluntary vs Forced migration: Voluntary migration occurs when people choose to move. Forced migration occurs when people are compelled to move.
• Step migration: Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, eventually reaching the final destination.
• Zero population growth or Stationary Population Levels
  * When the birth and death rates are equal, resulting in no population growth.

UNIT 3 – CULTURE

• Acculturation v. Assimilation: Acculturation is the process of adopting some of the values, customs and behaviors of the host culture. Assimilation is the process of losing all traits of the original culture and blending in completely with the host culture.
• Characteristics of World Religions:
  • Basic Beliefs
  • Branches
  • Current Distributions
  • Hearth
  • Hierarchical or Autonomous
  • Holy Places
  • Places of worship
    • Temples
    • Churches
    • Mosques
    • Synagogues
    • Shrines
  • Patterns of Diffusion
  • Universal or Ethnic
    • General characteristics associated with each
• Cultural Geography: The study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places.
• Cultural Diffusion Types:
  • Relocation: The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.
  • Expansion: The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
    • Hierarchical: The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places
    • Stimulus: The spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
    • Contagious: The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
• Cultural Ecology & Human Environment Interaction:
  • Environmental Determinism: The belief that the environment dictates human actions and societal development (largely discredited).
  • Possibilism: The theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.
• Cultural Landscape: A combination of cultural, economic and natural elements that make up any region.
• Cultural Relativism vs Ethnocentrism: Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.
• Cultural & Political identifiers:
  • Race vs Ethnicity: Race is the classification of people based on supposedly common biological characteristics. Ethnicity is the classification of people based on cultural characteristics.
• Dialects of English: A regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
• Diasporas: The dispersion of any people from their original homeland.
• Diffusion of TV, Internet: The spread of television and internet technologies around the world.
• Distribution of language families: Spatial arrangement of major groups of languages that have descended from a single, prehistoric proto-language.
• Early Cultural Hearths: Locations on Earth's surface where specific cultures first arose.
• English Language:
  • Origin
  • Diffusion
• Ethnic Conflicts: Conflicts arising from differing views of racial identity.
  • Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality
    • Somalia – Lebanon – Sri Lanka
  • Dividing Ethnicities Among More than One State
    • Kurdish – Palestinians
  • Multination States
    • Former Soviet Union & Yugoslavia
  • Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide
    • German Holocaust
    • Balkanization of Yugoslavia
    • Rwanda
    • Armenian Genocide
• Ethnic Distributions in the US: Spatial arrangement of ethnic groups within the United States.
• Ethnic Migrations & Divisions (historic & modern): Past and present movements of ethnic populations and resulting separations.
• Preserving language diversity: Keeping endangered languages alive.
  • Extinct & Endangered languages
• Categories of Culture:
  • Comparing Folk vs Pop Culture
    • Taboos
    • Food & Clothing
    • Patterns of Diffusion
    • Influence on Cultural Landscape
    • Scale of Analysis
    • Centrality vs Isolation
  • Folk Culture = Traditional
    • Specific examples
    • Impact on local environment
  • Pop Culture = Contemporary
    • Specific examples
    • Impact on global environment
• Gender Roles:
  • Gender Empowerment
  • Role of Women In Agriculture
  • Role of Women in Industry
• Housing Styles & Materials:
  • Folk Houses
  • Popular Housing Forms
• Language From Interaction:
  • Pidgin
  • Creole
• Language in Isolation:
  • Accent
  • Dialect
  • Isogloss
• Language Tree:
  • Family
  • Branch
  • Group
  • Modern Languages
• Lingua Franca:
  • Global Example
  • Regional Examples
  • Local Examples
• Linguistic Fragmentation: A condition in which many languages are spoken, each by a relatively small number of people.
• Material & Non-material culture: Material culture consists of tangible things. Non material culture consists of abstract ideas.
• Non-material culture:
  • Beliefs
  • Behaviors
  • Norms
  • Values
• Organizations of Culture
  • Trait,
  • Complex,
  • System
  • Region,
  • Realm
• Official language
• Standard Language/Dialect
• Pop Customs & Demand for Resources
• Religious Divisions
  • Religion
  • Branch
  • Denomination
  • Sect
• Religious Conflicts
  • Religion vs Gov’t, (definition & examples) Religion vs Religion (definition & examples)
    • Inter vs Intra Faith Conflicts
  • Religion vs Secularism (definition & examples)
• Syncretism/Transculturation
• Traditional Religions
  • Animism
  • Shamanism

UNIT 4 – POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• Alliances
  • Economic Cooperation
  • Military Cooperation
• Balkanization: The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.
• Boundaries
  • Cultural Boundaries
    • Consequent
    • Geometric
  • Physical Boundaries
    • Water
      • Median Line Principle
        • UN Law of the Sea
    • Mountains
    • Allocational Disputes
    • Desert
• Frontiers
  • Internal Boundaries
    • Provinces-counties-cities-towns
    • Congressional Boundaries
      • Gerrymandering
        • Stacked,
        • Excessive,
        • Wasted
  • International Boundaries
    • Enclaves & Exclaves
• Boundary Disputes
  • Positional/Defenitional
  • Territorial
    • Irredentism
  • Resource/Allocational
  • Functional/Operational
• Centrifugal forces: Forces that divide a state.
  • Separatist movements
  • Shatterbelts
• Centripetal forces: Forces that unite a state.
  • Nationalism
  • Nation-State
• Colonialism vs Imperialism
  • Berlin Conference
• Core area
• Core-periphery: The core includes the powerful, industrialized nations and the periphery is made up of less developed countries that are exploited for resources and labor
• Democratization (Waves of Democratization)
• Economic Systems
  • Market (Capitalist. Free Enterprise)
  • Mixed (Socialist) Economy
  • Command (Communist) Economy
• Forward Capital: A capital city deliberately placed in a state's interior. Example: Brasilia.
• Geopolitics
  • Hegemony
• Globalization
  • Forces of Fragmentation
  • Forces of Integration
• Political Geography: The study of the organization and distribution of political phenomena.
• Primate City: A city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy.
• Political identifiers
  • Nation vs State vs Stateless Nation: A nation is a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense of unity arising from shared beliefs and customs. A state is a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and recognition by other states. A stateless nation is a nation without a state.. Example: The Kurds.
  • Multinational State vs Multi Ethnic State: A multinational state is a state containing multiple nations. A multiethnic state is a state containing multiple ethnicities.
• Stateless n
• Supranational/International organizations
  • Political
    • United Nations (UN)
  • Economic
    • EU (European Union)
      • European Monetary Union
      • Brexit
    • USMCA (NAFTA)
    • WTO
  • Environmental
  • Military
    • Nato
• Sovereignty: The supreme authority of a state over its own affairs and freedom from external control.
• Subnational political units:
  • Unitary vs Federal states: Unitary states concentrate power in the central government. Federal states distribute power to subnational units/states.
  • Gerrymandering
• Systems of Government
  • Unitary
  • Federal
    • Devolution
  • Confederate
• Territoriality: A country's sense of property and attachment toward its territory.
• Terrorism: The systematic use of violence by a group calculated to create an atmosphere of fear and alarm among a population.
• Types of States
  • City-State
  • Landlocked States
  • Microstates
  • Multicore state
  • State shapes:
    • Compact
    • Elongated
    • Fragmented
    • Perforated
    • Prorupted

UNIT 5 – Agriculture

• Agribusiness: Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
• Agricultural Regions & Sub-Regions (types of agriculture)
  • Commercial
    • Aquaculture
    • Dairy Farming
      • Milk Shed
    • Grain Farming
    • Mixed crop & Livestock
    • Livestock Ranching
      • Pampas
    • Mediterranean
      • Horticulture/Specialty Farming
        • Market Gardening
      • Plantation Farming
  • Subsistence
    • Extensive Subsistence
      • Pastoral Nomadism (Nomadic Herding)
        • Transhumance
        • Desertification
      • Shifting Cultivation (Slash & Burn)
        • Desertification
    • Intensive Subsistence
      • Wet-Rice Dominant
      • Wet Rice not dominant
• Agricultural Revolutions
  • Third Agricultural Revolution
    • Green Rev.
    • Biotechnologies
    • Industrial Agriculture
  • Second Agricultural Revolution
    • Enclosure Movement
    • Mechanization
  • First Agricultural Revolution/Neolithic Agricultural Rev.
    • Agricultural Hearths
      • Seed planting
      • Vegetative planting
    • Early River Civilizations
      • Huang He
      • Indus River
      • Tigris/Euphrates (Mesopotamia)
      • Nile
• Commercial vs subsistence farming: Commercial agriculture is agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. Subsistence agriculture is agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family.
• Columbian Exchange: The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
• Economic Sectors
  • Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
• Extensive vs Intensive agriculture: Extensive agriculture uses small amounts of labor inputs per unit area. Intensive agriculture uses large amounts of labor inputs per unit area.
• Food Surplus: Food production in excess of what is needed for local consumption.
• Global food supply issues: Availability: having sufficient quantities of food available on a consistent basis
  Accessibility: having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious diet
  Utilization: appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation
  Stability: existing when all the above dimensions are fulfilled without the risk of losing access to food due to sudden shocks (economic or climatic crises).
• Villages & Hamlets
  • Clustered-Grid-Linears-Round
  • Building Materials
    • Brick-Stone-Wattle-Wood
• Irrigation: The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.
• Land Survey Systems
  • TWP & Range System
  • Long Lot System
  • Metes & Bounds System
• Hunters & Gatherers: Nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.
• Mercantilism: An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.
• Modern Commercial Trends
  • Commercial Replacing Subsistence farms
  • Number of Farms decrease
  • Size of Farm increase
  • Size of Yields Increase
  • Agribusiness control supply chains
  • Industrialization of Agriculture
  • Local/organic counter trends
• Modern Issues of Agriculture
  • Challenges for Modern commercial farmers
  • Challenges for Subsistence Farmers
  • Economic Difficulties
  • Environmental Issues
    • Sustainable Agriculture
      • Organic agriculture
• Patriarchal system: A form of social organization in which males dominate females.
  • Primogeniture
• Rural Settlements
  • Nucleated
  • Dispersed
• Rural Survey Systems
  • Rectilinear
  • Long-lot
  • Metes & Bounds
• Sustainable agriculture
  • Crop Rotation
  • Double Cropping
  • Ridge Tillage
• Strategies to increase food supply
• Von Thunen Model of Agricultural Land Use:
  • Cost of transportation
  • Cost of Land
  • Assumptions
  • Market Distance
    • Cost to transport
    • Cost of land
    • Profitability of crop
    • Amount of land available
    • Perishability of crops
  • Modern Application
  • Rings
    • Market
    • Dairy & Market Gardening
    • Forestry
    • Field Crops
    • Animal Grazing

Unit 6: The City & Urban Land-use

• American vs European city Land Use
  • Greenbelts or Urban Growth Boundaries
• Aspects of the City
  • CBD
  • Inner City
    • Redlining
    • Filtering
    • Gentrification/Urban Renewal
  • Suburbs
    • Inner & outer
  • Squatter Settlements
• Basic & Non-Basic Industries
  • Multiplier Effect
• City Models & Urban Land Use Patterns
  • Burgess - Concentric Zone
    • Density Gradient
    • Bid-Rent Curve
  • Hoyt - Sector
  • Harris -
    • Multi Nuclei
    • Periphery/Galactic
• Edge Cities
  • Urban Realms
  • Models in Developing Countries
    • The African Model
    • Latin American Model
    • Southeast Asian Model
• Defining the City
  • Central City
  • Legal Definition
  • Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
  • Micropolitan statistical area
• Distribution of Talent
• Enclosure Movement
• Ethnic vs Economic Segregation
• Ethnic Enclaves
• Ethnoburbs
• Food Deserts
• Globalization of Business Services
  • Back Office Business Services
  • Offshore Financials
• Hierarchy of Business Services
  • World Cities
    • Alpha Cities (++, +)
    • Beta Cities
    • Gamma Cities
• Local Government Fragmentation
  • Federation
  • Consolidation
• Location & Distribution of Services
  • Christaller’s Central Place Theory
    • Market Area
    • Range
    • Threshold
  • Primate City Rule vs
  • Rank Size Rule
• Periodic Markets
• Settlement Patterns
  • Clustered vs Dispersed
  • Rural Settlements (What & Where)
    • Long Lot System
    • Metes & Bounds
    • Rectilinear
    • Land Ordinance Act/Twp Range
• Segregation
• Social Area Analysis
  • Census Tracts
• Suburbanization
  • Importance of The automobile
    *