Untitled Flashcards Set

Trait theories

Personality can be described by characteristic patterns of behavior

social cognative theory

Explore interaction between trait and social context

Freud used what structure to explain his work

Iceburg

Id operates ---

unconscious

Ego and superego operates ---

Both consciously and uncousciously

The Id operates on what principle?

pleasure principle

Id stives for what?

Gratification, satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress

The Ego operates on --

Reality principles

The Ego seeks what ---

to gratify the id's impulses to bring long-term pleasure

Superego focus on ---

Ideal behavior

Superego strives for ---

Perfection

Superego acts as ---

Moral conscious

The Ego experiences tensions between the demands of the - and the - (this creates anxiety)

id and superego

The ego protects itself with tactics that reduce and redirect anxiety by --

Reality distortion

Displacement

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

free association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

There is a biological basis for any personality trait --

- Brain activity 
- Genes

Basic personality dimensions:

- Extraversion (Extrovert and intervert)
- Emotionally

Biology and personality:

- Brain-activity scans of extraverts indicate they seek stimulation because normal brain arousal is relatively low.
- Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity tend to be higher in extraverts.

Concientiousness

A tendency to be organized and depentable

Foot-in-the-door-phenmenom

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

normative social influence

To gain approval or to avoid rejecton

prejudice

an unjustified attitude toward a group and its members

Internal attribution

Ex: Getting an A on a test/ "I am smart, I worked hard)

external attribution

Ex: Getting an A on a test/ "Great teacher, Good Luck"

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Personality

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

psychdynamic theories

Posit that personality is dynamic interaction between conscious and unconcious mind

humanistic approach

Focus on inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment

What did Freud conclude about the problems of his patients?

Their problems are all in their head.

What type of patients did Freud observe?

Patients whose disorders had no clear physical explanations.

Freud believed that personality results from the mind 3 systems:

- Id
- Edo
- Superego

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Repression

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Regression

When faced with a stressor, it retreats to an earlier psychsexual stage (Ex: Thumb Sucking)

Rationalization

Trying to make excuses for yourself, for when you do something wrong (Ex: Running a red light/ Excuse: "I was running late to work)

Reaction formation

Repressing angry feelings, as person displays exaggerated friendliness (killing people with kindness)

Projection

Making other people feel bad because you feel bad

Denial

Refusing to believe the truth

Projective test

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Rorschach inkblot test

10 images shown to people to get them to guess what it is

Evaluating Freud's ideas

- Development is lifelong, not fixed in childhood
- Parental influence is overestimated and peer influence in underestimated

Traits

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act

Extraversion

Someone who likes to be in the company of others

Intervert

Less talkative and less interested in the company of other

Factor analysis

Identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together. Covariation of measures that measure the same thing

personality inventory

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

The Big Five Factors

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

Agreeableness

A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative.

Neuroticism

The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily

Openness

Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience.

Extraversion

Energy, positive emotions, surgency, assertiveness, sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others, and talkativeness.

Social psychology

it is the scientific study of how psychology is effected by the people around you

Conformity

Adjusting our behavior or thinking towards some group standard

Asch (1956) studies

Asked participants to make judgements of unambiguous information (The "which line is the longest" group conformity test)

Inforational social influence

To accept other's opinions as new information

Obedience

a change in one's behavior due to the direct influence of an authority figure

Stanley Milgram Experiment

Making people think that they are hurting someone, but they are told to just keep going.

Stereotypes

A generalized belief about a group of people

Attribution theory

we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

attitude

a negative or positive judgement about an object, person, event

peripheral route persuasion

uses incidental cues to try to produce fast but relatively thoughtless changes in attitudes

central route persuasion

offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses

Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink (2002)

They made a game where you shoot people if they're armed. You had to shoot quick or you lost point

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