Cartoon of microscope parts (unlabeled) - 5 parts to identify (6 points)
Total magnification calculation (4 points)
Total magnification = Ocular lens magnification × Objective lens magnification
Ocular lens (usually 10x, but pay attention to the instructions. Could be 5x)
Objective lens (4x, 10x, 40x typically used)
Osmosis experiment graph/chart (4 points)
Experiment examines osmosis rate as a function of temperature.
Cake frosting sausages in dialysis tubing incubated at various temperatures.
Weight changes measured at 5-minute intervals.
Explanation of the data: Water moves into dialysis bags; osmosis rate (slope) changes.
Metric system conversions (8 points)
Kilometers per hour and vice versa
Given: 1 \text{ mile} = 1.6 \text{ kilometers}
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
Kinetic Theory: Atoms/molecules in constant motion (dynamic equilibrium).
Temperature affects molecular motion.
Higher temperature = faster kinetic energy.
Lower temperature = slower kinetic energy.
Human kingdom: False (Humans are in Kingdom Animalia)
pH of 12: False (pH > 7 is basic/alkaline, pH < 7 acidic, pH = 7 is neutral)
Nucleotides are structural units of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA).
Monomer of protein: amino acid.
Monomer of carbohydrate: monosaccharide.
Fats/lipids: Usually no monomer.
Atomic number: Number of protons.
Atomic weight (mass): Protons + Neutrons
Number of protons defines the element.
In an atom: # Protons = # Electrons (overall charge is zero)
Number of neutrons: Atomic mass - Atomic number
Ions: Atoms that have lost or gained electrons.
Negative ions (anions)
Some properties of life can apply to both life and non-life (e.g., movement, response to stimuli).
Hypothesis: An initial question or proposition, not a well-founded theory.
Theory: Hypothesis with substantial supporting data.
Nucleus: Protons and neutrons.
Atoms with charge: Ions.
Positive ion: Cation.
Negative ion: Anion.
Changing the number of protons creates a different element (nuclear decay).
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides.
Proteins: Amino acids.
Nucleic acids: Nucleotides (RNA, DNA).
Lipids: No specific monomer by convention.
Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of life.
All organisms consist of one or more cells.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Genes are passed from parent to offspring.
Carbon has 6 protons, 6 electrons.
If atomic mass is 12, it has 6 neutrons (12 - 6 = 6).
Dehydration Synthesis: Molecule removed, usually water.
Hydrolysis: Water molecule added back to reconstitute.
Primary: Amino acid sequence.
Secondary: Initial folding (alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets) due to hydrogen bonding.
Tertiary: Final 3D shape due to chemical interactions.
Quaternary: Spatial arrangement of multiple protein subunits.
Have different ribose sugars.
Diffusion: Movement of any molecules from high to low concentration.
Osmosis: Diffusion of water specifically through a selectively permeable membrane, from high to low concentration.
The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is made up of a phospholipid bilayer.
Prokaryotes (Bacteria, Archaea): Simpler, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes (Animals, Plants, Fungi): Complex, have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
Golgi Body/Complex: Modifies proteins, chemically tags them, and transports them.
Smooth ER: Makes carbohydrates and lipids.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacterial cells.
Ancestral eukaryotic cells incorporated these bacteria.
Red blood cell in 25% solute beaker (75% water).
Red blood cells are about 90% water.
Water will move out of cell (higher concentration inside). The cell shrinks (crenation).