Exam Review Flashcards

Microscope Parts

• Cartoon of microscope parts (unlabeled) - 5 parts to identify (6 points)

• Total magnification calculation (4 points)

  • Total magnification = Ocular lens magnification × Objective lens magnification

  • Ocular lens (usually 10x, but pay attention to the instructions. Could be 5x)

  • Objective lens (4x, 10x, 40x typically used)

Osmosis Experiment

• Osmosis experiment graph/chart (4 points)

  • Experiment examines osmosis rate as a function of temperature.

  • Cake frosting sausages in dialysis tubing incubated at various temperatures.

  • Weight changes measured at 5-minute intervals.

  • Explanation of the data: Water moves into dialysis bags; osmosis rate (slope) changes.

Metric System Conversions

• Metric system conversions (8 points)

  • Kilometers per hour and vice versa

  • Given: 1 \text{ mile} = 1.6 \text{ kilometers}

Kinetic Energy and Kinetic Theory

• Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.

• Kinetic Theory: Atoms/molecules in constant motion (dynamic equilibrium).

• Temperature affects molecular motion.

  • Higher temperature = faster kinetic energy.

  • Lower temperature = slower kinetic energy.

Multiple Choice Examples

• Human kingdom: False (Humans are in Kingdom Animalia)

• pH of 12: False (pH > 7 is basic/alkaline, pH < 7 acidic, pH = 7 is neutral)

• Nucleotides are structural units of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA).

  • Monomer of protein: amino acid.

  • Monomer of carbohydrate: monosaccharide.

  • Fats/lipids: Usually no monomer.

Chemistry Basics

• Atomic number: Number of protons.

• Atomic weight (mass): Protons + Neutrons

• Number of protons defines the element.

• In an atom: # Protons = # Electrons (overall charge is zero)

• Number of neutrons: Atomic mass - Atomic number

Ions vs. Atoms

• Ions: Atoms that have lost or gained electrons.

• Negative ions (anions)

Properties of Life

• Some properties of life can apply to both life and non-life (e.g., movement, response to stimuli).

• Hypothesis: An initial question or proposition, not a well-founded theory.

• Theory: Hypothesis with substantial supporting data.

Atomic Structure Questions

• Nucleus: Protons and neutrons.

• Atoms with charge: Ions.

• Positive ion: Cation.

• Negative ion: Anion.

• Changing the number of protons creates a different element (nuclear decay).

Building Blocks (Monomers)

• Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides.

• Proteins: Amino acids.

• Nucleic acids: Nucleotides (RNA, DNA).

• Lipids: No specific monomer by convention.

Cell Theory

• Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of life.

• All organisms consist of one or more cells.

• Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Theory of Heredity

• Genes are passed from parent to offspring.

Carbon Example

• Carbon has 6 protons, 6 electrons.

• If atomic mass is 12, it has 6 neutrons (12 - 6 = 6).

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

• Dehydration Synthesis: Molecule removed, usually water.

• Hydrolysis: Water molecule added back to reconstitute.

Protein Structure

• Primary: Amino acid sequence.

• Secondary: Initial folding (alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets) due to hydrogen bonding.

• Tertiary: Final 3D shape due to chemical interactions.

• Quaternary: Spatial arrangement of multiple protein subunits.

RNA vs. DNA

• Have different ribose sugars.

Diffusion vs. Osmosis

• Diffusion: Movement of any molecules from high to low concentration.

• Osmosis: Diffusion of water specifically through a selectively permeable membrane, from high to low concentration.

• The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is made up of a phospholipid bilayer.

Cell Types

• Prokaryotes (Bacteria, Archaea): Simpler, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles.

• Eukaryotes (Animals, Plants, Fungi): Complex, have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles.

• Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

Organelles

• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.

• Golgi Body/Complex: Modifies proteins, chemically tags them, and transports them.

• Smooth ER: Makes carbohydrates and lipids.

Endosymbiosis Theory

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacterial cells.

• Ancestral eukaryotic cells incorporated these bacteria.

Osmosis Example (Red Blood Cell)

• Red blood cell in 25% solute beaker (75% water).

• Red blood cells are about 90% water.

• Water will move out of cell (higher concentration inside). The cell shrinks (crenation).