Exam Review Flashcards

Microscope Parts

  • Cartoon of microscope parts (unlabeled) - 5 parts to identify (6 points)

  • Total magnification calculation (4 points)

    • Total magnification = Ocular lens magnification × Objective lens magnification

    • Ocular lens (usually 10x, but pay attention to the instructions. Could be 5x)

    • Objective lens (4x, 10x, 40x typically used)

Osmosis Experiment

  • Osmosis experiment graph/chart (4 points)

    • Experiment examines osmosis rate as a function of temperature.

    • Cake frosting sausages in dialysis tubing incubated at various temperatures.

    • Weight changes measured at 5-minute intervals.

    • Explanation of the data: Water moves into dialysis bags; osmosis rate (slope) changes.

Metric System Conversions

  • Metric system conversions (8 points)

    • Kilometers per hour and vice versa

    • Given: 1 \text{ mile} = 1.6 \text{ kilometers}

Kinetic Energy and Kinetic Theory

  • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.

  • Kinetic Theory: Atoms/molecules in constant motion (dynamic equilibrium).

  • Temperature affects molecular motion.

    • Higher temperature = faster kinetic energy.

    • Lower temperature = slower kinetic energy.

Multiple Choice Examples

  • Human kingdom: False (Humans are in Kingdom Animalia)

  • pH of 12: False (pH > 7 is basic/alkaline, pH < 7 acidic, pH = 7 is neutral)

  • Nucleotides are structural units of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA).

    • Monomer of protein: amino acid.

    • Monomer of carbohydrate: monosaccharide.

    • Fats/lipids: Usually no monomer.

Chemistry Basics

  • Atomic number: Number of protons.

  • Atomic weight (mass): Protons + Neutrons

  • Number of protons defines the element.

  • In an atom: # Protons = # Electrons (overall charge is zero)

  • Number of neutrons: Atomic mass - Atomic number

Ions vs. Atoms

  • Ions: Atoms that have lost or gained electrons.

  • Negative ions (anions)

Properties of Life

  • Some properties of life can apply to both life and non-life (e.g., movement, response to stimuli).

  • Hypothesis: An initial question or proposition, not a well-founded theory.

  • Theory: Hypothesis with substantial supporting data.

Atomic Structure Questions

  • Nucleus: Protons and neutrons.

  • Atoms with charge: Ions.

  • Positive ion: Cation.

  • Negative ion: Anion.

  • Changing the number of protons creates a different element (nuclear decay).

Building Blocks (Monomers)

  • Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides.

  • Proteins: Amino acids.

  • Nucleic acids: Nucleotides (RNA, DNA).

  • Lipids: No specific monomer by convention.

Cell Theory

  • Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of life.

  • All organisms consist of one or more cells.

  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Theory of Heredity

  • Genes are passed from parent to offspring.

Carbon Example

  • Carbon has 6 protons, 6 electrons.

  • If atomic mass is 12, it has 6 neutrons (12 - 6 = 6).

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

  • Dehydration Synthesis: Molecule removed, usually water.

  • Hydrolysis: Water molecule added back to reconstitute.

Protein Structure

  • Primary: Amino acid sequence.

  • Secondary: Initial folding (alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets) due to hydrogen bonding.

  • Tertiary: Final 3D shape due to chemical interactions.

  • Quaternary: Spatial arrangement of multiple protein subunits.

RNA vs. DNA

  • Have different ribose sugars.

Diffusion vs. Osmosis

  • Diffusion: Movement of any molecules from high to low concentration.

  • Osmosis: Diffusion of water specifically through a selectively permeable membrane, from high to low concentration.

  • The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is made up of a phospholipid bilayer.

Cell Types

  • Prokaryotes (Bacteria, Archaea): Simpler, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles.

  • Eukaryotes (Animals, Plants, Fungi): Complex, have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles.

  • Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

Organelles

  • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.

  • Golgi Body/Complex: Modifies proteins, chemically tags them, and transports them.

  • Smooth ER: Makes carbohydrates and lipids.

Endosymbiosis Theory

  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacterial cells.

  • Ancestral eukaryotic cells incorporated these bacteria.

Osmosis Example (Red Blood Cell)

  • Red blood cell in 25% solute beaker (75% water).

  • Red blood cells are about 90% water.

  • Water will move out of cell (higher concentration inside). The cell shrinks (crenation).