UCSP

1^st SEMESTER |2^nd QUARTER R.Y.Barroso

L1: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY: CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE

• CONFORMITY
• Behaviour in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standard.
• The anticipated behaviour to follow.
• The desire to go along with the norms of a group of people, so you will be accepted as an in-group person (and not rejected as an outside group undesirable person).
• CONFORMIST
• A person who conforms to accepted behavior or established practices.
• DEVIANCE
• Departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior.
• Behavior that violates significant social norms and is disapproved by majority of people.
• VARIETY OF DEVIANCE
• “What is deviant to one group may not be considered deviant to another”

1. The study of why people violate the laws or norms.
2. The study of how society reacts to this violations.

• REASONS FOR DEVIANCE
• There are different perspectives for the causes of deviance. For biologists, deviance is caused by factors coming from within the individual. While sociologists say that the factors outside the individual cause by deviance. Finally, according to psychologists, deviance caused by the difference in their personalities.

TYPES OF DEVIANCE

1. PRIMARY DEVIANCE

• refers to a person’s behavior which violates or does not conform to a prescribed norm of conduct but is tolerated and concealed by others.

1. SECONDARY DEVIANCE

• refers to a behavior of a lifetime conformist or the behavior of a branded criminal.

1. INDIVIDUAL DEVIANCE

• refers to a violation against a group’s norm or subculture.

1. GROUP DEVIANCE

• refers to the act of the members of a group to conform to the group’s norms but which disagree with norms of the larger society.

FORMS OF DEVIANCE

1. INNOVATION

• Society sets forth goals for the individuals to aim at and also lay down means to achieve them. When a person accepts both goals and means the result is generally “conformity”. Sometimes, a person may accept the goal but not the means. He may innovate or create his own means for achieving the goals and in this sense, he becomes a deviant.
• INNOVATORS
• individuals that accept the cultural goals of the society but reject the conventional methods of attaining them.

1. RITUALISM

• Sometimes a person gives up important social values yet does lip service to them by carefully observing related norms of behavior. They are ritualists. They abandon the pursuit of success as fruitless and yet strictly adhere to the prescribed means.
• RITUALIST
• person who do not believe in the established cultural goals of society but they do believe in and abide by the means of attaining those goals.

1. RETREATISM

• The rejection of both values and norms is ‘retreatism’. It is in one way or another of ‘dropping out’ of society. The person who drops out ‘resigns’ so to speak. Those who ‘retreat’ from society refuse to pursue wealth either by legal or illegal means. Hence ‘retreatism’ is a kind of passive rejection of the goal of success and of respectable occupational activities.
• RETREATIST
• who reject both the cultural goals and the accepted means of attaining those goals.

1. REBELLION

• Rebellion is another response open to those who reject both ends and means. Some people reject the prevailing order and engage in efforts to replace that order. They try to substitute new ends and means for those that exist.
• REBELS
• They do not only rejected both the established cultural goals and the accepted means of attaining them, they substitute new goals and new methods of attaining them.

SOCIAL CONTROL

• Refers to the “techniques and strategies” for regulating human behavior in the society.

TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL

• FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
• takes place through legal punishments and sanctions by a legitimate authority.
• INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
• is enforced by members of a community or a society rather than by a law.
• 5 MEANS OF INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL

1. SHAMING – Humiliating or ridiculing someone for a socially unwanted or deviant behavior.
2. PRAISING – It refers to expressions of approval and positive feedback to encourage a socially desired behavior.
3. GOSSIPING – Spreading rumors or information about an individual. As an informal means of social control, gossiping is used to enforce social norms and expectations in a community or broader society.
4. PHYSICAL AGGRESSION – Using physical force through hitting, pushing, kicking or enforcing any other kind of physical aggression against someone is also a form of informal social control.
5. INFORMAL DRESS CODE – Enforcing unwritten rules or expectations about fashion styles and ways of dress can be classified as means of informal social control.

• REMEMBER: Being a member of a society entails certain responsibilities or roles that must be accomplished. If these roles were not met, problems will start to come up. This is the reason why we have institutions or authorities that render punishment on the offenders.

L2: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY: HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS AND THE COMMON GOOD

• “ALL HUMAN BEINGS ARE BORN FREE AND EQUAL IN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS.”
• HUMAN DIGNITY
• Respect and acknowledgement of an individual person, a human being.
• An idea that a person has an innate right to be valued, respected, and treated well.
• It is something that can’t be taken away, each person must free from slavery, manipulation and exploitation.
• When a person is meted out a death sentence, it is the STATE that ends the life of that man.
• Killing someone is a capital crime.
• Killing many people is a massacre.
• Killing an entire race is a genocide.

VIOLATIONS AGAINST HUMAN

1. HUMILIATION

• Refer to acts that humiliate or diminish the self-worth of a person or a group.
• Injuries to the people’s self-worth or their self-esteem.

1. DEGRADATION

• Acts that degrade the value of human beings.
• Diminishes the importance or value of all human beings.
• Selling oneself to slavery.

1. DEHUMANIZATION

• Acts that strip a person or a group of their human characteristics.
• Describing or treating people as animals or as a lower type of human being.

1. OBJECTIFICATION

• This aspect refers to treating a person as an instrument or as means to achieve some other goal.
• Torture, rape, social exclusion, labor exploitation, bonded labor and slavery.
• HOW DO WE BECOME ‘KAPWA’ TO OTHER?
• We must respect and honor dignity. All religions teach the value of life. Our cultures make us human and humane and most societies reserve and uphold the principles of dignity, equality, and liberty.

HUMAN

• RIGHTS
• Are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system.
• Sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter rights, is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country.
• The Bill of Rights in the Philippine Constitution lays down basic human rights of the Filipinos guaranteed and protected by the State.
• HUMAN RIGHTS
• are natural rights of all human beings whatever their nationality, religion, ethnicity, sex, language and color.

CLASSES OF HUMAN RIGHTS

1. NATURAL RIGHTS

• Rights inherent to man and given to him by God as human being.

Example: Right to live, love and be happy.

1. STATUTORY RIGHTS

• Rights provided by the law-making body of a country or by a law.

Example: Such as the right to receive a minimum wage and right to preliminary investigation.

1. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS

• Rights guaranteed under the fundamental charter of the country.

Example: Rights against unreasonable searches and confiscation, rights safeguarding accused.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL

1. CIVIL RIGHTS

• Rights specified under the Bill of Rights.
• Secures private individuals for the purpose of securing enjoyment of their means of happiness.
• Rights enjoyed by an individual by virtue of his citizenship in a state or community.

Example:

• Freedom of speech
• Right to information

1. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

• Intended to ensure the well-being & economic security of an individual.
• Rights to property, whether personal, real or intellectual.
• Right to use and dispose his property, right to practice one’s profession, right to make living.

1. POLITICAL RIGHTS

• Right to vote and right to be voted into public office.

1. RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED

• Intended for the protection of a person accused of any crime.

COMMON GOOD

• The sum of those condition of social life which allow social groups and their individual members, relatively thorough and ready access to their own fulfilment.
• ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS

KEY ELEMENTS

1. Public Order
2. Prosperity
3. Intellectual, Spiritual, and Moral Values

• MATERIAL PROSPERITY ASPECTS SEEKS TO THE FOLLOWING:

1. To provide employment for as many workers as possible;
2. To take care of the least privileged groups;
3. To maintain a balance between wages and prices.
4. To make accessible the goods & services for a better life to as many person as possible.

• INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL:

1. General Education
2. The development of intellectual, humanistic, and technical aspect of individual.
3. Development of soul, conscience and will.

5 MEANS OF INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL

• PHYSICAL AGGRESSION
• Using physical force through hitting, pushing, kicking or enforcing any other kind of physical aggression against someone is also a form of informal social control.
• ACCESS & AFFORDABLE PUBLIC HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
• EFFECTIVE SYTEM OF PUBLIC SAFETY & SECURITY
• PEACE AMONG NATIONS
• JUST POLITICAL SYSTEM
• UNPOLLUTED NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• FLOURISHING ECONOMIC SYSTEM

L3: HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

• “NO MAN IS AN ISLAND” – JOHN DONNE

GROUPS: THE HEART OF INTERACTION

• Social Aggregates
• A simple of collection of people who happened to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another.
• Social Categories
• People who share a common Characteristics (such as gender or occupation) but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another.

SOCIAL GROUP

• Defined as a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity.

GROUP

• A collection of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction, mutual influence, and common feelings of belongingness, and who work together to achieve a common set of goals.

TWO TYPES OF GROUPS ACCORDING TO INFLUENCE:

• PRIMARY GROUP
• Typically a small group whose members share close, personal, and enduring relationships.

EXAMPLE:

• Families
• Childhood Friends
• SECONDARY GROUP
• Can be small or large and they are mostly impersonal and usually short term.
• Typically found at work and school.

TWO TYPES OF GROUPS ACCORDING TO MEMBERSHIP:

• IN-GROUP
• Social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs. One feels loyalty and respect for these groups.
• Fraternity
• OUT-GROUP
• Social groups that an individual does not identify with. One feels antagonism and contempt for these groups.
• Sports team opponent

REFERENCE GROUP

• A group which we compare ourselves.
• Called as “identity association group” since their creation is fueled by a person’s desire to provide a character connection.

NETWORKS

• Defined as sets of formal and informal social ties that link people to each other.
• Group may influence their members in variety of ways, from their thinking to their actual behavior.
• Sometimes violent behaviors and certain forms of biases result.
• Groups are part of our social psyches, in thoughts and in actions.

L4: CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• “Many people cross our paths either by choice or through Kinship. Those who are not meant to be part of our lives will leave but those who add value to our lives will remain.” – Nadine Sadaka Boulos
• INSTITUTION
• A Society or Organization founded for a Religious, Educational, Social or similar purposes.
• Established law, practice or custom.
• Organization, Foundation, Establishment, Institute, Centre.
• KINSHIP
• A social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society.
• Sociologists define it is the different forms of socially accepted relations among people.
• A network of relatives within which an individual passes certain mutual rights and obligations.

TYPES OF KINSHIP

1. Kinship by Blood

• Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on blood Is considered as the most basic and general forms of relation.
• The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity and descent is an important key concept.

FORMS OF DESCENT

1. UNILINEAL DESCENT

• Where descent is usually traced by the most societies through a single line of ancestors from either the male or female line.
• Both males and females are members of unilineal family but their descent lines are recognized only through the relatives of either the male or female member.

1. PATRILINEA DESCENT

• This is where both males and females belong to the kin group of their father but they do not belong to their mother’s kin group.
• In this form of descent, only male pass on to their children their family identity.
• A woman’s children are members of her husband’s patrilineal line.

1. MATRILINEAL DESCENT

• This focuses on the unilineal descent that is traced through the female line.
• In this form of descent pattern, persons are related if they can trace their descent to the same woman ancestor.
• Both male and female offsprings are considered members of their Mothers matrilineal descent group but only the daughters can pass on the family line of their offspring.

1. BILATERAL DESCENT

(Nonunilineal or Cognatic Descent)

• Where societies trace their descent through the study of both parent’s ancestor.
• One of its common forms is the bilateral descent.
• In a bilateral descent, kinship is traced through both ancestral lines of mother and father.

1. Kinship by Marriage

• (Affinal kinship or kinship based on marriage)
• Refers to the type of relations developed when a marriage occur.
• When marriage takes place, new forms of social relations are developed.
• (Marriage)
• Is an important institution wherein two persons, a man or a woman, enter into family life.
• During this process, the partners make a public, official and permanent declaration of their union as a lifetime couples.

FIXED OR ARRANGE MARRIAGE

1. Child Marriage

• It happens when parents arrange for the marriage of their child long before the marriage takes place. The marriage will be consummated in the future.

1. Exchange Marriage

• In this form of marriage there is a reciprocal exchange of spouses between two countries, tribes or groups.

1. Diplomatic Marriage

• This form of marriage occurs when an arranged marriage has been established between two royal and political families in order to forge political diplomatic alliances.

1. Modern Arranged Marriage

• In this form of marriage, the child’s parents, with the consent of the child, choose from several possible partner. The parents organize a meeting with the potential partner of their child. Parents usually have a say of their child’s choice.

1. GROUP MARRIAGE

• The marriage of several men with several women.

POST-MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES

1. Patrilocal

• Rule of residence occurs when married couples stay in the house of the husband’s relatives or near the husband’s kin.

1. Matrilocal

• Rule of residence happens when the couples live with the wife’s relatives or near the wife’s kin.

1. Biolocal

• Residence happens when the newlywed couples stay with husband’s relatives and wife’s kin alternately.

1. Kinship by Rituals

• Compadrazgo, literally translated as ‘’godparenthood’’, is a ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family. Originating in the medieval Catholic Church in Europe, this can be done through the performance of Catholic rituals like baptism, confirmation, and marriage. Through this set-up, a relationship between the child’s biological parents, their children, and persons close to the parents but not related by blood become a family. This type of kinship by rituals system is usually present in Latin American countries and Catholic countries like the Philippines.

FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD

1. FAMILY

• Considered the basic unit of organization.
• Made up of a group of individuals who are linked together by marriage, blood relations or adoptions.
• Constitutes a single household that interrelates with each other and performs the social roles of a husband, wife, mother, father, brother and sister.

1. HOUSEHOLD

• It is defined as ether one person living alone or group of people living together who share living arrangements.

TYPES OF FAMILY

1. Nuclear Family

• Type of family that is made up of a group of people who are united by social ties and is usually made up of two adults and their socially recognized children.

1. Extended Family

• Type of family whose members go beyond the nuclear family made up of their parents and their offspring.

1. Blended Family

• Type of family where the parents have a child or children from their previous marital relationships but all the members stay and congregate to form a new family unit.
• Sometimes called a step family, reconstituted family, or a complex family.

1. Political Kinship

• Kinship relations may extend to people an individual or a family has political affiliation with.

1. Political Dynasty

• May refer to the system of succession of political leaders from the same family or clan that maintains the power for many generations.

1. Political Alliances

• Are formed when political parties and forge cooperation with other stronger parties or with the administration party to ensure victory in the elections or guarantee the passage of legislation.
• By creating alliances, politicians would continue to receive more funds, resources and support from the ruling party or administration party.

L5: EDUCATION: ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE SOCIETY

• EDUCATION
• Education is a social institution that formally socializes members of the society. It also refers to the process through which skills, knowledge and values are transmitted from the teachers to the learners.
• In the Philippines, by law, education is obligatory for 13 years (Kindergarten and Grades 1-12.)

3 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES THAT HANDLE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES:

1. DePEd
2. CHED
3. TESDA

TYPES OF EDUCATION

1. FORMAL EDUCATION

• An education that based on a set curriculum.
• An education that is provided in educational institutions and training centers.
• 3 LEVELS OF FORMAL EDUCATION

1. PRIMARY EDUCATION
2. SECONDARY EDUCATION
3. TERTIARY EDUCATION

• PARTS OF FORMAL EDUCATION

1. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
2. SPECIAL EDUCATION (Sped)
3. NONFORMAL EDUCATION

• An organized educational activity that takes place outside a formal set up. It has no age limit, even adults can take part in a nonformal education program.
• E.g. ALS program of DepEd.

1. INFORMAL EDUCATION

• A lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitude from daily experiences at home, at work, at play, and from life itself.

FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN A SOCIETY

• Give training in specific skills; or the basic general education literacy
• Prepares individuals for job
• Preserving culture from generation to generation
• Encouraging democratic participation through verbal skills
• Develop the person’s ability to think, logically and critically
• Enriching life by enabling the students to expand his/her intellectual and aesthetic horizons
• Improving personal adjustment through personal counselling
• Improving the health of the nation’s youth
• Producing nationalistic citizens
• Build personal character

IMPORTANT GOALS OF EDUCATION

• PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY
• refers to an idea that a citizen can create opportunities to become productive.
• SELF-ACTUALIZATION
• refers to a desire for self-fulfilment. If an individual’s self-fulfilment is through achieving his dreams and aspirations in life, once these are achieved, he reaches the level of self-actualization.

PRIMARY EDUCATION AS HUMAN RIGHT

• Everyone has the right to Education. (Universal Declaration of Human Rights). Education has to be free and compulsory at least in the primary level, higher education and technical-vocational education should be made generally available.
• Education is the fundamental human right and essential for the exercise of all other human rights (UNESCO). It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important development benefits.

CURRICULUM GOALS BASED ON 1987 PHIL. CONSTITUTION

• Inculcate patriotism and nationalism
• Foster of love of humanity
• Promote respect for human rights
• Appreciate the role of national heroes in the historical development of the country
• Strengthen ethical and spiritual values
• Develop moral character and personal discipline
• Encourage critical and creative thinking
• Broaden scientific and technological knowledge and promote vocational efficiency

“Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow

belongs to those who prepare for it today.”

- MALCOLM X