ap world history

China

Period 1

East Asia

Great Wall of China - protects the border

Traditional Chinese values

• Confucianism

• Leader above people

• Men above women

• Value education

  • Chinese people can take a civil service exam to get a high-level bureaucratic job, which gives them social mobility

• Dislike distrust all foreign people, products, and literally everything

China

• China was taken over by the Mongol empire in 13th-century Mongols created the Yuan dynasty

  • The only time in China when foreigners rule

  • Yuan is controlled by Kublai Khan who attempts to build in with the Chinese by dressing like them and adaptation their traditions and beliefs

  • Chinese people constantly want Mongol foreigners out

  • Kublai get rid of the civil service exams and replace Chinese workers with Mongols

  • The Yuan dynasty lasted 100 years but is eventually overthrown and replaced by the Ming dynasty

Indian Ocean trading network in China

• Chinese trade products include:

  • Gun powder

  • Silk 

  • Porcelain

Zheng he

• Explores the Indian Ocean trading network with massive ships and advanced technology

• The goal of exploration is to see what other regions/nations are doing in terms of tech and culture

• Don't want to spread Chinese cultural diffusion or establish cities

• After 25-plus years he and the Ming emperor decides that China is the superior country in the world

• Then they close themselves off and isolate themselves for 300-plus years

• Ships are burnt and destroyed by the Ming emperor upon Zheng he death 

Period 2

China is isolated

Qing dynasty - overthrow the ming

• Qing is northern Chinese who are not liked by southern Chinese and will force their customs traditions hairstyles and fashion on them

• Khang - allows Western missionaries into China

• Was interested in all cultures and ideas

Qianlong - Allows the British to have access to one port city (canton) 

Period 3

Imperialism

• Britain takes China when given access to the canton

• Britain eventually started bringing opium through this or that they found in India which begins centuries-long drug problems in China

• Chinese government attempt to stop the British from this but finally have to go to canton and eventually have to take the opium out of the warehouses and throw it in the water

The British take this as an act of war which begins the Opium war

• British dominant war die to advanced milt tech (warships, china has no navy)

• The war ends with the treaty of Nanjing or Hanging end war and gives the British access to five more ports in China and hong kong

Next thing Taiping rebellion

• Southern Chinese are very angry with the northern qing government because they allowed the British more access to China as well not stop the opium problem

• Southern Chinese (taiping) rebel against the qing and are led by the Christian leader (Hong)

• The Taiping is very successful early on and conquer territories and call it the Heavenly kingdom 

• Eventually the British come to the military aid of the Qing government and defeat the Taiping

The results of rebellion are 

• Tens of millions of deaths and the British had greater control over China as well the Chinese people disliked both the British and the Qing government 

• By the 1890s the empresses of China XiXi promotes China to return to its isolated and traditional ways and allows a group called the harmonious order of the fist (boxers)

  • Anti western Chinese 

  • allowed to commit acts of violence against Europeans which begin the boxer rebellion (1900) 

  • The British in response created a Western coalition army - british french germans americans

  • Who then invade China to crush the rebellion and overthrow Empress XiXi

  • Boxer rebellion create the spears of influence - each country get a part of China's coast

China becomes an open-door policy

Chinese migration

Many Chinese leave China due to all the chaos and settle in large industrial cities and create china towns 

Period 4

Sun Yat-sen - leader of the 1911 revolution that overthrows the Qing dynasty 

The goal of Sun was to modernize and industrialize China and create traditional values

Also wants to unify a very fragmented country

Interwar years

• Chiang Kai Shek (a Sun follower who wants China to follow the japan meiji restoration) vs Mao Zedong (a poor peasants farmer who was like the majority of Chinese communism) fight over the control of China

Chinese civil war 

• Fight over whose ideas should govern China, chiang initially dominants mao due to milt experience and greater milt tech

• Mao retreats to the mountains (the long march) and chiang goes to deal with the more significant threat of Japan (they invade China)

Sino-Japanese war

• Japan who is practicing imperialism invaded northern China through Korea in 1931

• Japan conquers most of northern China and makes there way towards the middle while committing horrible racist atrocious acts against the Chinese people including (the rape of Nanking)

• Mao and Chiang join forces to fight Japan

• Japan eventually loses at the end of world war II in 1945 with the help of the allies (the USA, the soviet union, and England)

World War II - Japan invades China and is eventually defeated by its allies in 1945

Cold war

Civil war resumed between Chiang and Mao immediately after world war II from 1945 to 1949 

• Mao ze dong wins in 1949 and establishes China as a communist country called the People's Republic of China

• Chiang de Shek loses and flees China and established his westernized island taiwan which he calls the Republic of China

Economic and Political Policies

• He immediately goes about changing the economic system to communism first following the Soviet Union stalin' styled successful five-year plan 

• 1958 he then creates a new economic plan called 

The Great Leap Forward 

Disastrous for China and Mao and leads to the death of tens of millions of Chinese people through famine and starvation as well as left Mao being questioned by many people for his leadership style

Mao then implements the freedom of speech movement 

Hundred Flower Campaign

• many people begin to openly question Mao and his policies to which now mao can identify his political opponents

• To go after them and to maintain political control over China Mao from 1966 to 1976 (when he dies) allows young (brainwashed, little red book) students (red guards) to attack these people during The Cultural Revolution 

Leaves china in political economic and social chaos

Deng Xiaoping 

• New communist leader in China after Mao reforms the country through the four modernizations which he goes about changing the economic system of the country from communism to capitalism

• To implement this change Deng convinces many Western companies to build factories in China and allow China's low-wage unskilled workforce to produce many Western products for cheap (made in China)

• Deng changes China's demographics by making farmers move into cities (urbanization) to become factory workers

• Chinese people have the economic freedom to wear what they want eat what they want and buy what they want but still do not have political freedom

• The last democratic rally in China happened in 1989 at Tiananmen which ended with the Chinese military open firing on the revolters (tank men)

Globalization - Today china has the world's second-largest economy but also produces the largest amount of pollution china does not involve itself with many countries who are attempting green nations and reduce carbon impressions 

Britain

Period 1

Western Europe

Island

The United Kingdom includes

• England

• Wales

• Scotland

• Northern Ireland 

Magna Carta - 1215 first document that gives people basic rights

Period 2

Renaissance - Part of northern renaissances (Shakespeare)

Age of exploration

• Late to travel to the New World because they are dealing protestant reformation and religious issues

• 1609 England travels into the new world and establishes the colony of Jamestown

• England (because they are late) take land in the eastern part of the now united states called the 13 Colonies as well as most of Canada and Australia 

• English products include tobacco and other food sources

• England is a part of the Atlantic Ocean slave trade

Protestant Reformation

• Henry VIII uses the protestant reformation as a way to gain power and divorce his first wife

• Through the act of supremacy bands the catholic church establishes the new church as Angligine, the church of England, English protestant

• The new head of the church as well as the king (Henry)

• Also enriches the monarchy by confiscating all wealth and property

• Upon Henry's death, all three of his children become kings and queens of England and consistently go back and forth from making England a protestant country back to catholic and back to the protestant 

• This all comes to a head in 1588 the Spanish armada attempts to invade England to turn England back into a catholic country

• Armada fails due to English fire ships and bad weather

• When the Spanish armada fails Queen Elizabeth the first establishes angle in England forever

English civil wars

1. Strips the dictatorship powers of the English king (1640s)

2. Glorious Revolution (1688) establishes the English king as a constitutional monarch who shares power with the English parliament and the English people get the English Bill of Rights  

Period 3

Enlightenment 

Thomas Hobbes - Writes Leviathan in which he advocates people are naturally bad and need a dictatorship

John Locke - disagrees with Hobbes and advocates that all people are blank slates when born as well as having natural rights (life liberty property)

• Humans in the state of nature are products of their environment

• Social contract theory 

• States that if a ruler is unjust the people have a right to rebel (justification of enlightenment revolutions)

Natural rights - life liberty right own property

Industrial revolution

England first country to do this due to having no real political issues

Becomes first because

• Inventor of new tech (steam engine 1789 James Watt)

• Have coal deposits under the country to power all new tech

• First to utilize steel (railroads and skyscrapers)

• Create a factory system to manufacture goods that people will buy

• First to utilize and invent capitalism (1776 adam smith)

• First to bring and sell manufactured goods all over the world due to their large navy

• Largest navy from period to world war II

The first country to practice imperialism because they are the first to industrialize

The main areas they take over are

• South Africa

• South Asia - India

• East Asia - china

Reasons for imperialism are

• To make a greater profit

• Gain resources and cheap labor

Cecil Rhodes (the guy straddling Africa with telegraph lines)↑ 

British imperialist who ventures into South Africa and makes a great profit through diamond mining
Eventually wants to bring back colonialism into Africa

Wants to control the continent through new techs such as railroads and telegraph

Suez Canal late 18th-century technology advancement connecting the red sea, the Mediterranean, and the Indian Ocean

Built by the British and French that allowed for far faster transportation to their Asian properties during imperialism 

Many natives died building this

Rudder Kipling 

British author who lives in India and writes the poem “White Man's Burden”

It is ok to make a profit during imperialism but Europeans should at least leave natives with something in return

Education medicine clothes overall make their lives better

Rarely utilized

Justification for imperialism

Social Darwinism - stronger nations overtaking weaker nations 

Period 4

World War I

England was a member of the allies (Britain France Italy Russia, USA starting in 1917)

England involved on the Western front 

One of four winners of world war I who helps write up the treaty of versa

Interwar years

The mandate system

Post world war I former ottoman empire control by the British and French

British and french allow various Muslim ethnic groups self-determination into what kind of countries they want 

The problem includes…

• the Balfour Declaration 1917 

  • the British seemly allow the creation of an independent Jewish state in Palestine even tho they have already allowed Palestinian Muslims to create their own country in the same spot

• Munic pact/conference

  • 1938 England and France meet with nazi Germany, results include Hitler gaining the country of Czechoslovakia with the promise of not seeking or taking any other territory

British prime minister neville chamberlain uses APPEASEMENT 

World War II

Starts on September 1st, 1939 when Hitler breaks the Munich Pact and invaded Poland

Results in Britain and France declaring war on Germany

By 1940 Hitler has taken much of Western Europe and only England remains his enemy

Hitler launches the battle of Britain (areal Bombardment of major English cities, London, and industrial factories that produce)

Winston Churchill refuses to surrender and the bombing eventually stops in June of 1941 when Hitler begins invading the soviet union

Church Hill seeks the USA as an Allie starting in 1940 (Atlantic Charter)

And also borrows ships from the USA (lend-lease Act)

Allows America to make weapons for England in American factories (destroyer for base agreement)

By 1944 England and the USA opened a second front against Germany with the invasion of northern France called d day

England was one of the big winners of world war II but the country is destroyed

Cold War

Member of NATO allies of the USA 

England Joins European Union (EU)Decolonization 

Loses most of its imperialism properties because world war II destroyed its infrastructure and economic capabilities and loss of milt men

India, china Africa Rica 

France

Period 2

Renaissance - Northern Renaissance 

Age of Exploration in France

France was late to the new world because they are dealing with religious issues brought on by the protestant reformation in their country

France will eventually set up a settlement in 1608 called Quebec founded by Samuel D Champlain who followed maps drawn by mid-16th century French explorer jacques cartier who traveled the saint lawrence river in Canada 

France makes money through fur trading and fishing which does not require slave Labor - not involved in the slave trade because don't need it 

Have a better relationship with Native american than any other Europeans

French territory includes

Northeast Canada and new orleans property along Kipling River and Hadi 

France was involved in French wars of religion (16th-century civil war between French catholic led by the monarchy against french protestant, Huguenots)

Wars last for decades and eventually, end in 1588 with the Edict of Nantes (a doc that allows all French people to have religious freedom)

Louis XIV and Versi

The King of France who has absolute power and is known as the sun king showcases his power and wealth in the building of the palace and versa 

Period 3

Enlightenment

Philosophers

Rousseau comes up with the theory of general will which states that rulers should work for what the people want

Voltrari advocates freedom of religion and anti-slavery 

Wollstonecraft - advocates women's rights

French Revolution

1789 French people of the 3rd estate rebelled against the French king Louis XVI and queen marie antoinette due to unequal economic and social policies

The revolt starts July 14 1789 when people in Paris stormed the Bastille prison

King was eventually overthrown and the French people were given the Declaration of the Rights of Man which includes their natural rights (liberty, fraternity, equality)

The next government was led by radical Jacobins led by Robespierre

That institutes the reign of terror

Utilize the guillotine to attack their political enemies (including the king and queen)

This led France into political and social chaos

European powers (Austria, Prussia, England) invade France to stop the french revolution restoring the monarchy and ending all enlightenment law

Shabbily eventually restored by French military leader napoleon bonaparte (1799-1815)

Defeats all of France's enemies and extends its borders to its largest size all across Europe

He also spreads enlightenment right throughout his European empire in the form of enlightenment laws called Napoleonic code/code Napoleon

In 1815 a European coalition of his enemies defeats him which results in the Congress of Vienna which establishes all European borders go back to the way they were before 1789 - before the revolution

Restore all former kings and queens and extinguish all enlightenment laws

Revolution of 1848 - French overthrow the king forever

Industrial Revolution in France due to political issues of enlightenment-based revolutions

Apart from the second industrial revolution

Imperialism in France

France was late to imperialize

Eventually, gain oversea territory in North Africa (modern-day Morocco and Algeria) southeast Asia (Indochina) vietnam cambodia

In 1900 are involved in the Boxer rebellion in China and eventually gain coastal cities which make them a member of the Spears of Influence at the Berlin conference

Franco-Prussian War 1870 to 1871 war between France and Germany that ends with Germany winning and declaring unification at the Palace of Versi 

France lost the territory of Alsace Lorraine

Dreyfus affair - antisemitism

Jewish French military officer Alford Dreyfus is accused wrongly and jailed for being a German spy 

Period 4

World War I

France was a member of the Allies who fought Germany on the Western front

France was one of the big four victors and eventually allow the peace conference to be held in Paris 

France is the major contributor to the Treaty of Versi

Mandate system - France responsible for the formation of some middle eastern countries

Munich pact - France and Britain, agree with appeasement

World War II

France and Britain declare war on nazi germany after Hitler breaks the Munich Pact by invading Poland on September 1st, 1939

By mid-1940 Hitler has conquered much of Europe and eventually invaded France and defeated them quickly by bypassing the Maginot line

French forts were built along the franco german border

France under nazi occupation loses most of its industrial cities coastlines and even Paris

Left as a much smaller territory called viFranceance

France is liberated in the summer of 1944 by USA usa England and following the successful invasions at d day

Cold war

Receives economic aid from the rom US with the marshall plan

Member of nato and aligned with the USA

MemberEuropeanpean union (EU)

DecolonizationFranceance

France will lose almost all of its overseas properties

Will fight and Vietnam during the wars of independence and will gAlgeriaeria its independence based on popular opinion

Globalization - French newspaper that is attacked Islamic terrorism because they drew an image of the proxy hand hand 

Germany 

Period 1

Western Europe

• From 1200 to 1871 germany fragmented states

• Prussia's largest and most dominant 

• From 1871 to 1945 Germany unified country

• 1945-1985 split two countries, east, and West

• 1989 to the present - Germany

Period 2

Protestant reformation

1519 German monk martin luther nails the 95 theses to the doors of Wittenberg cathedral

95 theses goal is to stop the corruption of the catholic church

Simony, indulgences 

stating various reforms that should be done

Spread throughout Germany and eventually Europe bc of the printing press

Many German princes end and eventually German princes and European monarchs support Luther and the Reformation because they want more empowerment than wealth in the church

Germany will fight various civil wars over religion

The last reformation war is the 30 years of wars

1618-1648

Which ends with the Treaty of Westphalia which shows that the protestant religion is here to stay in Europe

Period 3

Enlightenment

Napoleon invades and spreads enlightenment ideas as well as nationalism throughout the region

The revolution of 1848 takes away the king's dictatorship forever 

German unification

Prime Minister of Prussia Otto von Bismarck wants all German states to be unified and led by Prussia so that they can become stronger military and economically

This through (blood and iron) Prussia will fight three wars…

• Denmark

• Austria

• France - Franco-Prussian War)

Eventually after winning these wars and eventually unifying german in 1871 

Industrial revolution

Late because of unification

Eventually uses industry to create the world's largest army

Imperialism very late

Held the Berlin conference in 1844 which gave them small overseas territories in Africa

Period 4

World War One of the major causes and join the central powers (Germany Austria hungry and the ottoman empire)

Tries the Schlieffen plan 

Conquering and including France leads to a two-front war and defense

Loses because not enough men or supplies in a two-front war

Treaty of Versailles:

Have to give all territory gained from 1871 to 1918

France allowed to go into Germany and take their coal

Germany has to decline size of military

Lose all Imperialism properties

Germany has to take the blame for the entire war

Interwar years

1918-1933

Has to deal with economic difficulties, the Treaty of Versailles great depression

Attempt to solve economic issues by printing more money which makes it worse by creating hyperinflation which leads to more economic and political instability

Stability was restored in 1933 with the voting of nazi leader adolf hitler as chancellor

Hitler stabilizes the country by going against all provisions of the Treaty of Versailles and rebuilding the German meant with the goal of lebensraum

Hitler wants to Obtain more physical territory and populate areas with more Germans while decreasing the population of “lesser” races

Antisemitic

Nuremberg laws - 1935 Hitler segregates Germans and Jewish people while also stripping the Jews of their German citizenship and making marriage between Germans and Jews illegal 

Kristallnacht - the night of broken glass, 1938 Hitler shuts down all Jewish businesses and homes and begins to remove Jews into concentration camps

Causes of WWII

• 1938 begins lebensraum with the Anschluss unification of Germany and Austria 

• 1938 obtains Czechoslovakia at the Munich conference through appeasement 

• 1939 makes a non-aggression pact with Stalin and the soviet union 

WWII

Hitler begins the war by invading Poland simultaneously with the soviet union

By mid-1940 takes over most of Europe including France by utilizing the milt strategy of blitzkrieg (German lightning warfare)

Three waves of attack

1. Planes

2. Tanks

3. People

The last remaining enemy in 1940 is England in which Hitler utilized the battle of Britain (operation sea lion) to send planes that will bomb major English cities and industrial factories that make weapons

By mid-1941 with England destroyed but not surrendering Hitler sneak attacked the soviet union in operation barbarossa which is the begging of the end for Germany

While losing ground in Russia Germany will be forced to fight a two-front war after the Allied invasion of northern France (D-day) in June 1944

By May 1945 with the soviet union capturing and destroying Berlin Hitler will commit suicide leading to the end of nazi germany called VE - day cold war

Holocaust 

Mass genocide of Jewish people in Europe by Nazi Germany

Originally European Jews are taken into concentration camps to do hard labor when Germany conquered their land 

The final solution is the killing all the Jews begins in 1942 when Hitler sees he might lose the war 

Estimate 5-7 million killed 

Nuremberg trials - nazi officials are found guilty of crimes dealing with the holocaust, initiative set that people are responsible for their actions and can not use the defense that they were just following orders

Cold war

1945 upon losing world war two Germany is split into two separate countries

East Germany - controlled by the soviet union and is a satellite nation in the warsaw pact

West Germany - fully independent allied with NATO and prosperous 

Berlin is also divided into two cities issue is that west berlin is geographically located in East Germany

First, cold war tension begins when stalin attempts to seize west berlin by attempting the berlin blockade which is defeated by USA berlin airlift

In 1960 many people from east berlin fled to west berlin which has stopped by the soviet union by building the berlin wall 

1989 berlin wall is taken down which symbolizes the end of the cold war 

Russia

Period 1

Europe and Asia 

Eastern Orthodox - Christianity
Mongols

Golden horde 

Mongol dominated Russia 

Allowed Russians independence because Russians usually played the tribute and Mongols disliked cold foreign weather in Russia 

Mongols sack the city of Kyiv which leads to the rise of Moscow 

Period 2

Russia was NOT involved in the Renaissance, Age of Exploration, or the protestant reformation

Ivan the III (the Great)

First Russian czar/tzar - ruler

Ends the golden horde and eventually begins expanding Russia's borders from Moscow 

Ivan the IV Russian czar who greatly expands the Russian border builds Saint bastards Cathedral

Terrible because he kills many family members and terrorizes Russia with the secret police force and oprichnina

Peter the Great - westernized/modernized

Many Russian European styles

Learns European ways by going on the grand embassy creates Russian navy 

Reforms include modernizing the military changing the dress code cutting, men's beards westernizing medication, and building new western capital st petersburg

Period 3

Russia was not involved in the enlightenment industrial revolution and imperialism making them backward and far weaker than most European countries going into the twentieth century 

Catherine the II

Russia czarina countries peter ideas

Enlightened despot dictator who allows a small number of enlightenment rights to enter the county 

Period 4

Russo-Japanese War 1905 war between Russia and Japan 

Japan has just done the Meiji restoration and shocking win which shows Russia's backward ways

Bloody Sunday 1905 Russian protest after the loss to Japan in which people want the czar to implement reforms

Czar responds by allowing the military to open fire on the crowd

World war I

Russia is a member of the allies

Will lose more men than any other countries because their soldiers do not have enough clothing or weapons due to Russia's inability to manufacture these goods

Russian revolution takes them out of the war

Russian Revolution

1917 two revolutions occur 

1st is in February 1917 russians revolted against the czar Nicholas II and the war

He's overthrown and replaced by a provisional government led by Alexander Kerensky 

kerensky implements some reforms but becomes unpopular because he keeps Russia in world war I

2nd is in October 1917 (bolshevik revolution) Russian communist

Germany send communist leader vladimir lenin into Russia by a special train to overthrow the provisional government and take Russia out of world war I 

Lennin goes into Russia and buys weapons with German money and then uses the slogan (peace land and bread)

Wins quickly and establishes the first-ever communist state and renames Russia the soviet union as well gets Russia out of world war 1 by signing the Treaty of Brest-litovsk

This gives Germany and Austria Hungary largest amounts of land in western Russia (Poland)

Russian civil war 1918-1921

Reds (Lennon and communists) whites (noncommunists)

In which Lennon wins and takes total control of the country (kills the czar)

Lennon instituted communist economic policies that fail so he switches over to capitalism with the new economic policy

Joseph Stalin - leader after Lenin who immediately goes about industrialization during the five-year plan successfully self-sufficient Russian heavy industry

Making own modern-day building materials including concrete steel electricity 

Although successful negative part includes the death of 2-3 million peasant Russian farmers through starvation called the Holodomor

Stalin also attacks kill or send to the Gulag (Russian labor camp) during the great purges 

World war II

Makes a nonaggression pact with Germany in 1939 and simultaneously attacked and divides Poland from them

June 1941 Russia is surprise attacked by nazi Germany in Operation Barbarossa 

Stalin forces the mobilization of all Russian people to fight the nazi By 1943 after brutal fighting including the battle of Stalingrad the Russians begin to push toward Germany 

In May 1945 Russia invaded Germany and conquered and destroyed Berlin thus ending nazi germany and setting up VE day (victory in Europe Day)

Cold war

Starts when Stalin refuses to give up eastern European countries that are taken from nazi germany during world war II Stalin calls them to buffer states and turns them into satellite nations 

Iron Curtain - the imaginary border between East and Western Europe

First tension begins in Berlin when Stalin institutes the Berlin blockade

Forms Warsaw pact in retaliation against NATO

Cold war includes an arms race and space race

Sputnik - Soviet satellite that becomes the first to orbit the earth

The Soviet Union dealt with all Eastern European revolts from the 1940s into the 1970s with brutal military force

1980s soviet union is declining economically the last Soviet leader is Gorbachev Institute… 

• glasnost - freedom of speech

• perestroika - capitalism 

By 1991 the soviet union is dissolved and the cold war is over 

Globalization

Boris Yeltsin - leader after the soviet union who attempted unsuccessful democracy

Vladimir Putin 1999-present - soviet style dictatorship and is trying to expand Russian land:

• Chechnya

• Crimea

• Ukrainian    

Africa 

Period 1

Continent

West Africa - gold coast, Atlantic Ocean, the European side

East Africa - Swahili coast, Indian Ocean trading

North Africa - Mediterranean Sea, Islam/Muslim, Transsaharan trading network, arab spring

Sahara Desert - reason diffusion doesn't go north and south, where sub-Saharan Africa is

Indian Ocean trading network

African products are, gold, ivory, slaves

In East Africa, Muslim traders buy slaves

Transsharan trade - middle east to north africa how Muslims diffuse African products gold, slate, ivory, slaves

Camels are a mode of transportation  

Period 2

Age of exploration

Europeans venture into Africa during the mid-15th century to go around Africa to reach India

Portugal comes first then Spain

Sets up forts along the coast

Europeans eventually become much more involved when they look to trade and buy Africans for slavery in the new world after the failure of the encomienda system

Atlantic ocean trading network

European sold African kings weapons, manufactured goods, and alcohol for gold and slaves

Slaves are then transported on ships on the Atlantic Ocean (middle passage)
Slaves will work hard labor jobs such as mining for gold and silver and plantation work

The slave trade in Africa will last until the early 1800s

Results in Africa

Slavery leads to the population and loss of workers which leads to an overall economic decline

Will increase violence and wars against African rulers who are using wars for slavery

Period 3

Imperialism

Europeans ventured into Africa intending to increase power wealth gain new resources and sell their goods to new areas and get cheap labor

Will be able to control Africa due to new techs such as railroads and telegraphs

Will use justifications such as white man's burden and social Darwinism to excuse which is deemed to be negative during the Enlightenment era

Berlin conference - European powers dividing up the entire continent of Africa

no African representatives and forcing various ethnic and religious groups to come together from countries 

Leopold II, King of Belgium at the Berlin conference personally takes possession of the Congo region in Africa

Maks aton of money by getting rubber from the region but at the cost of millions of African lives due to harsh and brutal treatment

Battle of Adowa 1896 battle between Italy and Ethiopia in which Ethiopia wins and remained independent until the 1930s 

Period 4

World War I in Africa - Europeans utilize African soldiers in their armies during WWI (and WWII) 

World War II - North Africa did see fighting

Cold War - Most African nations are going through decolonization which leads them to be non aligned

Decolonization

• Due to Europeans being weakened by the world wars (loss of population, infrastructure wrecked economic decline)

• Many African nations from the 1950s to the 1970s go through independent movements 

• Many struggles ensure because of European imperialism such as the loss of economic resources (fossil fuels) 

• The economic conflict that leads to civil wars and genocide

• Some African decolonization leaders

• Kwame kaymak

• Jama Kenyatta

• Nelson Mandela

• Believe in pan-African unity

• African nations working together to make themselves stronger politically and economically  

• Also, believe in creating an African Union (AU) eventually created in 2002

• Apartheid 

• South African legal segregation laws were meant to keep the white minority in political power and to have all the economic wealth while keeping the black majority uneducated poor and out of politics (no right to vote)

• Lead by the African national congress (ANC) and Nelson Mandela

• Eventually imprisoned and leads South Africans against the apartheid by utilizing the methods of Gandhi (civil disobedience, passive resistance, non-violent)

• Apartheid is done by 1989 and in 1994 nelson mandela is voted president in the first completely free election

Globalization

• Africa has many issues due to imperialism such as civil war economic decline and overall social political and economic instability

• Since 2010 north African economy on the rise by implementing capitalism and allowing Western companies to build factories and let North African cheap labor build their goods

• Central/sub saharan africa is in constant decline due to medical issues (no longevity of life, aids, disease, etc)

• No education and plenty of political instability 

Arab Spring 2011

pro-democratic revolts that started in Tunisia and spread throughout the entire Arab world including the African countries of Libya and Egypt 

Overthrowing of African dictators in which the internet and Facebook play a large role

Italy

Period 1

Western Europe - boot

• Italy is non-unified city-states until 1860

Indian Ocean trading network

• Many Italian merchants traveled both the Indian Ocean trading network and the silk road which allowed many Italian city-states to gain wealth  

Period 2

Renaissance

starts in Italy (1450) because many Italian merchants and bankers patronize the arts

Humanism begins - the idea of thinking for yourself

In Machiavelli's rights “The Prince” in which he gives ideas such as rulers should do whatever is necessarily good or bad to stay in power and “The end justifies the means.”

Renaissance brings a rebirth in learning which eventually leads to the scientific revolution (new scientific ideas that go against the church such as Copernicus and heliocentric theory, the world is round not flare, and the ideas of Galileo)

Protestant Reformation - remains catholic because the pope is located in Rome   

Period 3

Italian Unification

• Many Italian city-states decide it would be better to unify because of their common culture, ethnic background, religion, and history (nationalism) 

• Unification leads Italy to become more powerful economically and military 

• Led by the prime minister of Piedmont and Sardinia, Camilo Camar, and the ideas of Mazzini and the military leadership of Garibaldi

• Unified in 1860

Industrial Revolution - Italy was late to industrialize due to unification issues

Imperialism - a member of the berlin conference and claim African territory including Ethiopia, when Italy goes to claim Ethiopia they are defeated at the 1896 battle of Adowa 

Period 4

World War I - Member of allies and considered one of the big four winners of world war I and are at the Paris peace conference and the signing of the Treaty of Versi 

Interwar years

• economically declining due to the great depression

• leads to political instability because of the depression and because of Italian people being angry at the government due to Italy not receiving nearly as much economic money or colony territories as Britain and France received at the Treaty of Versi

• This leads to the rise of Benito Mussolini and fascism 

• Fascism - all people of a country work together to make that country stronger politically, economically, and military

• The 1920s to 1930s European countries that utilize these ideas Mussolini Italy, Hitler Germany, and Franco's Spain

• Musilini leads the black shirts to march on Rome in the early 1920s and take over the government 

• Mussolini then decided to create the second roman empire by invading and conquering African territories in Libya and Ethiopia

• Allies with Hitler before world war II 

World war II

• Member of Axis powers and eventually rises and falls with Hitlers Germany

• By mid-1945 Italians rebelled and killed Mosslini and switch teams to join the Allies at the end of WWII

Spain

Period 1

Western hemispheres 

Iberian peninsula 

Sapin is the only European country with a minority population of Muslims (moor - spanish Muslims) located in southern Spain

Spain was not unified until the mid-1400s

biggest territories in Spain at the time are Castile and Aragon

Spanish rulers of Aragon and castles

The King of Argan and the queen of the castle decide to marry and unite their kingdoms to become stronger in the fight against the war (Fernand and Isabella)

This makes Spain

Period 2

Age of Exploration

After the moors are expelled in 1492 Spain decides to fund Christopher Columbus's transoceanic maritime exploration across the Atlantic Ocean to find an alternative route to China and India

Columbus discovers the New World

Spain is the first country to explore colonize and profit from the new world which makes them the big winner of the age of  exploration and the strongest European country for centuries 

New world profits include animals products food gold and silver

Spain will also conquer and colonize most of South America (not Brazil)

All of Latin America into Mexico as well as a large portion of Southwest America

Magellan - Spanish explorer who circumnavigate the world which helps with time and distances

Conquistadors - Spanish conquers who explore the new world and are mostly victorious because of their superior military technology and natives dying of disease

The most successful conquistadors are Hernan Cortez who conquered the Aztecs () and francisco pizarro who conquers the Inca empire

Columbian exchange - goods, and products that go to and from the new world to the old world and include everything (animals, foods, diseases, trees)

This leads to people in the old world eating more calories which makes them healthier and live longer

Religion also spreads in the new world 

Protestant Reformation in Spain 

• Attempt to stop the spread of the protestant religion by sending armies into the Dutch regions and unsuccessfully trying to invade England to overthrow the protestant queen Elizabeth the I in the Spanish Armada of 1588  

Encomienda system - Native American slavery when they did jobs such as gold and silver

Eventually natives due to European diseases and are replaced by Africans thus creating

West African slave trade

African

Atlantic Ocean

Triangular trade

Its largest slave trade ever that lasts until the early 1800s

Period 3

Enlightenment - Latin American and Mexican revolutions overthrow Spanish colonialism which leads a lot less territory in the new world which leads to them greatly declining in power 

Imperialism

Spain loses all of the new world territories with their defeat in the Spanish-American war in 1898 to the USA

Loses territories in Cuba, puerto rico, the ohilpinsa, and Guam

Spain is a member of the berlin conference and receives African territory 

Period 4

Interwar years

• Spain in 1931 has the Spanish civil war in which the government of Spain is fighting the nationalist led by military leader Fransico Franko who promotes fascism 

• After gaining aid from Muslini and Hitler (Guernica) Franco wins in 1939

World War II - Remains neutral 

Cold war - dealing with Basque separatists utilizing terrorism to gain their independence, basque people want an independent country   

Portugal

Period 1

Western Europe 

Small country

Touches Atlantic ocean 

Period 2

Age of exploration 

• Starts it in the mid-1400s when Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator builds a school of navigation which the goal of sending Portuguese ships around Africa to find an alternative maritime route to India 

• This is accomplished by Vasco DeGama

• Portugal will begin infiltration western Africa and dominate the coast

• Second country after Spain to get to the new world but will only gain Brazil because of the treaty Tordesillas 

• Member of encomdienda system and West African slave trade since they control many ports along south africa  

Period 3

• Portugal loses Brazil in the Brazilian Revolution in which the king and queen of Portugal are overthrown by their son Pedro the first

• Revolution happens after the Latin American/Mexican revolution since the king and queen lived in Brazil upon fleeing Portugal when Napoleon invades

Imperialism 

• Berlin conference who receives territory

• They get Angola which has ten-plus ethnic groups and religions that are forced to form one nation

South America

Period 1

Western hemisphere 

New World

Inca 

Large northwestern empire located in modern-day Peru 

Accomplishments include 

• Great road system through mountainous terrain (Andes)

• Silver production, potato production. Llama fur and communication device quipu

Cuzco is the capital 

Period 2

Age of Exploration

• Completely colonized

• Portugal gets Brazil and Spain gets almost everything else 

• Conquistador Prazaro overthrows the Inca empire in the 1530s 

• Catholic religion spread

Enlightenment - Revolutions attack both colonialism and slavery

Latin American revolutions 

• Led by Simon Bolivard aka the Liberator and Jose Desanmartin who unite the Creoles

• Creoles - 100% European-blooded wealthy people who are born and live in the new world 

• Liberate all Spanish territory in South America 

Brazilian Revolution - Portuguese people led by the prince of Portugal overthrow the king and queen of Portugal to create Brazil 

Haitian revolution - successful slave revolution led by Toussaint Louverture who overthrew the French and establish the first-ever free slave colony 

The first colony to abolish slavery 

Period 3

Period 4

Cold War

• The 20th century sees many declining economies and political instability which leads to the rise of many countries implementing communist economic policies and politically turning into military dictatorships 

• Argentina 

• Brazil 

• Chile - Pinochet

Globalization - many countries have implemented capitalism and are producing goods for many Western countries leading to prosperity  

Mexico

Period 1

Maya and Olmecs

• pre columbian societies that have complex civilizations as well as advancements in math and science and high-level architecture large stone heads and pyramids 

• Produce corn and beans

Aztecs

• Large empire 

• highly militaristic 

• aggressive 

• human sacrifice for religion 

• high-level architecture (pyramids)

• The large capital city - Tenochtitlan is built in the middle of a lake attacked by causeways 

Period 2

Age of exploration 

• Conquistador Cortez defeated the Aztec empire in 1521 through superior military technology and the spread of European diseases 

• Destroys tinochicila and builds Mexico City on top of it 

Period 3

Enlightenment

• The Mexican Revolution in 1810 and is led by a combination of poor people and church leaders such as father hidalgo and Creoles who want to get ride Spanish colonialism and slavery 

Imperialism - Mexico loses much of its USA southwest territories in the 1848 mexican american war and is conquered by France in the 1860s 

Political instability leads to downfall because of the constant changing of political systems 

Goes back and forth between democracy and dictatorships 

Period 4

The 1911 revolution leads to political stability and the establishment of a democratic government 

Globalization - becomes established economy and member of NAFTA

North Atlantic free trade agreement between Mexico USA and Canada in which Mexico allows Canada in the USA to build factories in their country and allow cheaper Mexican labor to produce their goods 

Brings money into Mexico and saves money for USA/Canada for trade transport    

Japan 

Period 1

East Asia

Archipelago - a bunch of small islands

• Isolated 

• Agricultural based society 

• Fragmented non-unified 

• Protected by the samurai warrior class 

• Very traditional in their beliefs 

Period 2

Japanese shoguns (Hideyoshi and Tokugawa) use European weapons to unite Japan 

Period 3

The Meiji Restoration - modernization westernization of Japan that starts in 1863 with the arrival of USA captain matthew perry

• Japanese was traditional and isolated before this many Japanese fell in love with Western changes and practice (the only people against this is the Samurai warrior class)

• Emperor Meiji immediately implements changes that include an Enlightenment constitution with new modern laws and a Western-style army with the newest military technology 

• Implementation of capitalist railroads and all other newer technology 

• Clothing becomes westernized 

Industrial Revolution - During Meiji Japan quickly goes through changes and becomes industrialized first Asian nation to do this

Imperialism- one quickly industrializes and begins to conquer weaker Asian nations such as Korea and northern China

Japan to maintain industrial growth need resources and fossil fuels from foreign nations because they don't have any in their own country   

Period 4

Russo-Japanese War 1905-1906 war between Russia and Japan in which Japan who is just undergone the Meiji restoration defeats Russia

Mark's first-time Asian country defeated a European country led to Japan being the most powerful nation in Asia and Russia towards Bloody Sunday and eventually the Russian revolution

WWI

• Japan member of the Allies but become upset at there Western allies after being disrespected and receiving almost nothing at the Treaty of Versailles begins Japan's anti-western movement

Interwar years

• 1920 London naval conference Japan is forced by Western powers to decrease the size of their navy which makes the Japanese even more anti-western

• Leads to the Japanese military overthrowing the Japanese government and establishing a military dictatorship which then pursues a very aggressive imperialism policy in Asia to create a large Japanese empire 

• This includes conquering most of northern China in the Sino-Japanese War which includes the rape of Nanking

• Brings the Japanese to conquer British and French territories in Southeast Asia

• Japan also feels racial superiority to all other Asian countries

• Create concentration labor camps in Asia for Asiatics in which many people die

WWII

• Member of Axis powers which eventually start when they set their sites on southeast Asian territory controlled by USA Philippines

• They sneak attacked the USA in December of 1941 at pearl harbor hawaii same day they take the Philippines 

• Usa then declares war on Japan and eventually defeats them with two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki thus ending WWII with vj day in the fall of 1945

Cold war 

• Post WWII we occupied and changes their government into a friendly democracy as well as reverting their economy to capitalism

• Japan threw its extensive educational system will eventually become the leader in technology and electronics thus creating the world's third-largest economy

Globalization 

• Japan still thriving economically but still dealing with depopulation due to the fact of the stress and anxiety put on their youth because of their rigid and difficult educational system

• One problem is Japanese young males becoming hikikomori

•   

Korea

Period 1

East Asia

pensile 

unified until 1945 

Hermit kingdom but diffuse with China in language and alphabet 

Period 3

Imperialism 

• taken by Japanese

• Japanese are harsh

• Remains under occupation until 1945 

Period 4

March 1st, 1919 - Koren marching for their independence in Japan

Cold War 

• After Japan is defeated in 1945 Korea becomes independent and split into two countries 

• North Korea becomes communist under the leadership of Kim Il-sung

• South Korea becomes a democratic capitalist state  

• Korean War begins in1950 when North Korea led by Kim invaded South Korea intending to reunify Korea under kims communist rule

• The USA aids South Korea (containment) and pushes North Korea towards the northern Chinese border which then forces the Chinese to invade Korea and push the USA into South Korea

• The war ends with no treaty but a truce in which North and South Korea agree on a border at the 38th parallel called the demilitarized (DMZ) zone

Globalization

• North Korea is still communist extreme poverty people believe the ruler is a god (Kim Jung Un)

• South Korea is thriving economically with technology and electronics and is one of the four Asian tigers

• Thriving Asian capitalist economies - South Korea, Hong Kong, twain, Singapore    

India

Period 1

South Asia!!!!!!

Hinduism 

Caste system 

Indian Ocean trading network

• The center point or hub of this network 

• India has cartoons and salt 

• To get to India sailors need to have lateen sails and knowledge of monsoon winds 

Delhi sultanate - muslim empire that brings Islam into India thus beginning the conflict of Hindus vs Muslims 

Period 2

Mughal empire

• Islamic gunpowder empire that starts in the 1520s when Muslim leader Babur conquered northern India

• Akbar the Great understands that Hindus do not like the Muhgals so he attempts to create religious tolerance by marrying Hindu women

• Allowing Hindus into the Mowgal government even attempting to create a dual Hindu Muslims faith 

• After Akbar Mughal empire declines in the 1700s due to the economic decline and Mughal rulers promoting pro-Muslim anti-Hindu policies 

• Replaced by British   

Industrial revolution

• British take India to utilize it for profit 

• Controlled economically by the British East India Company 

• British utilize cheap Indian labor all over the British empire 

• They cultivate Indian products such as cotton salt tea and opium 

Imperialism 

• British East India Company allows Indians a lot of autonomy and freedom and allows Indian sepoys 

• Indian police force armed and trained by the British to do their dirty work and also allows them to run the country 

• This ends in 1857 when the sepoys rebel against the British in the sepoy mutiny which forces the British to bring in their army thus tightening their grip and control over India 

Raj - British controlled India

• India is considered the crown jewel of their empire and brings in the most profit  

Period 4

WWI and WWII - Indian soldiers fight for the British

Cold War - India is non-aligned due to decolonization 

Decolonization - 1919 with the Amritsar massacre in which the Indians begin to openly rebel against the British under the direction of the Indian national congress

• The leadership of the congress was eventually taken in the 1930s by Mohandas Gandhi who implements a policy of passive residence, civil disobedience, and non-violence as well as the boycotting of all British products

• Gandhi will lead Indian people to walk to the water and grab sea salt in the salt march as well as not buying British textiles and instead encouraging people to produce their clothing in the homespun movement 

• Gandhi's ideas come from the simple fact that he believes that if enough Indian people do not follow British policies and laws the British will simply be fed up and leave  

• Gandhi's ideas and the British being extended by world war II eventually lead to Indian independence in 1947

• Upon granting independence the British will also partition the country of India leading into three separate countries

• India - Hindu, Pakistan - Muslim, East Pakistan 1971 changes its name to Bangladeshi - Muslim.)

• Partition leads to mass violence during migration and the assassination of Gandhi

• Tension continues to this day 

Globalization 

• India and Pakistan problems continue to exist over Kashmir

• Northernmost territory in India with a Muslim majority in which people of the region want to join Pakistan and India won't allow causing tensions and terrorism 

• The situation is made worse when two nations acquire nukes 

Pakistan

Period 1

South Asia/ middle east 

Muslim majority

Wasn't a country in India 

Period 4

Decolonization 

• 1947 partition of India happens because the minority Indian Muslims form the Muslim league to ensure Muslim rights are protected while living in Hindu majority state

• Muslim league wants partition to separate itself from Hinduism

• Pakistan and Muslim League are led by Muhamd Al Jinn - the first president of Pakistan

• Although the majority of Muslim countries have been very liberal with women's rights 

Middle east

Period 1

Islam hearth 

Dar al Islam - majority Islamic states

• Middle East, North Africa, and Indonesia  

Calphis - Islamic empires before 1200 that spread and diffuse Islam

Sunni Sect - the largest majority of Muslims

Second largest minority sect 

Iran and the Safavid Empire

Sufee extremely small Islamic sect includes a form of mysticism - bald heads

Red Sea and Persian Gulf  

Mongols

• Mongols conquer and dominate the middle east and eventually name the territory the il khanate

• Directly involved in the silk road

• Mongols destroy Baghdad  

• Mongol rulers convert and adapt to Islam  

Indian Ocean trading network

• Muslim merchants hugely involved 

• Muslim sailors create lateen sail and have direct knowledge of monsoon winds to venture into this trading network

• Muslims involved with the creation of diasporic 

• Communities in Southeast Asia (Indonesia) 

• Involved in East African slavery although many Africans convert to Islam because Muslims are not allowed to enslave other Muslims  

Period 2

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

• Take over the former Mongol il khanate

• Spread Islam through their advancements and enhanced military technology

The ottoman empire

• Longest lasting

• Originates in turkey

• Accomplishments include…

• The taking of Constantinople by Ottoman sultan Mehmed II (the conqueror) in 1453

• Gives the Ottomans control over the Bosphorus Strait which is the entryway into Europe 

• They will conquer ⅓ of that continent by the early 17th century 

• Strait divides Europe and the middle east 

• They renamed the city of Istanbul 

• Ortman led to its furthest size under the leadership of Suleyman the Magnificent also called the lawgiver and gets to Vienna

• Enhances architecture art and literature 

The Safavid empire

• Modern-day Iran becomes a safe haven for Shei Muslims problems include

• Lack of water ports

• Implementing a very strict form of Sharia law and being sandwiched between the Ottoman and Mughal empires

Mughal Empire - See Period 2 India      

Period 3

By 1750 ottoman empire only remained in the middle east 

Industrial revolution

• Slow to industrialize or undertake reforms which lead them into a very weakened political economically and military state which canes them the nickname “The Sick Man of Europe”

• Eventually, implement modern changes and reforms called the transmat reforms

• Changes under Egyptian leader Muhammad Ali work slightly in the early 19th century  

Period 4

WWI

• The Ottoman Empire is a member of the central powers and lose in WWI and  the empire is disbanded 

Interwar Years

• The mandate system created by the British and French in the former ottoman empire 

• Allow Muslims to create self-determination countries based on their ethnicity

• Creates middle eastern countries such as Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan, lesbian, and plaastein

• Balfour Declaration - 1917 document in which the British seemingly allow for the creation of an independent Jewish state in Palestine making zionist happy angering Palestine and beginning Jewish migration in Palestine

Decolonization 

• Nasser and Egypt - Nasser is pan-arabism in which he wants Arab nations to work together economically and politically to make the region stronger and also unite against Israel 

• Also attempts to take control of the Suez Canal from the British and French in the Suez crisis 

• Sudate - next leader of Egypt who signs the camp david accords

• 1979 document between Israel and Egypt in which Egypt takes economic money from the USA in return for being the first Arab nation to recognize Israel

• Leads to sedate assassination in 1991

Iranian revolution 

• Leads to the overthrow of the pro-Usa Westernization modernization leader shah reza who is replaced by ayatollah Khomeini who implements an old school traditional sharia law based country that becomes anti-western anti-Usa and anti-Israel 

• Begins conflict with the united states because of the Iranian hostage crisis 

Globalization 

Islamic terrorism

• Many terrorist groups spring up in the middle east that is anti-western and anti-USA because the West supports Israel and the USA having a military presence in the region since the 1991 operation desert storm 

• The USA defeated Iraq after Saddam Hussein attempts to take Kuwait 

• Opec - Muslim countries that control the supply of the world's oil and prices

Arab Spring 

• 2011 Dar al Islam areas of North Africa and the middle east

• Leads to the overthrow of dictatorships in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt as well as civil wars in Syria and Iran 

• Revolts spread because of the internet and social media sites like Facebook

Iran nuke deal

• 2015 deal between Iran and the USA in which Iran receives fewer economic sanctions for the promise to not pursue the building of nuclear weapons which could destabilize the region

• USA pulls out in 2018   

Turkey

Period 1

Middle east 

Anatolian peninsula 

Asia Minor

The Bosphorus Strait - a strip of water that divides Europe and Asia 

Context behind Crusades 

• The Seljuk Turks and the Crudesa

• 1096 the seljuk turks conquer the Christian city of Jerusalem which angers christian europe and leads to 100s of years of warfare between them and the Muslims for control of the holy land

• Begins the rivalry between Christianity and Islam

• Also allows for much greater cultural diffusion since Europeans who venture into the middle east bring back the new products from the silk road and Indian Ocean trading network  

Period 2 and Period 3

See the Ottoman Empire! 

Period 4

World War I

• Ottoman empire falls and many people of Turk ethnicity want their own country

• Leda by Turkish nationalists called the young Turks 

Interwar years 

• 1923 Turkey is given its independence after being a member of the mandate system

• The first president/leader of Turkey is Mustafa Kemal aka Ataturk

• Father of all Turks  

• Transforms Muslim majority Turkey into a pro-western style country whose reforms include

• Western-style dressing, instituting an enlightenment-based constitution and laws, western style education, women having more rights 

Cold War -  Turkey is a member of NATO   

USA

Period 2

Western Hemisphere North America

Usa was not a country until 1781 

See Britain's Age of Exploration and the thirteen colonies 

Period 3

Enlightenment 

• The USA becomes the first country to have an enlightenment revolution based on the idea of John Locke's social contract 

• Eventually, defeat the British in American Revolution and establish a new country with the first-ever enlightenment-based constitution and bill of rights 

Imperialism

• The USA enters into world affairs after defeating the Spanish in 1898 in the Spanish America and gaining oversee properties in the Caribbean (Puerto Rico and Cuba and the Pacific and Guam) 

Period 4

World war I

• Usa followed a policy of neutrality until 1917 when they join the Allies because of the sinking of the list tutorial and the Zimmerman note 

• Eventually, help the allies win and are a member of the Paris peace conference and witness the Treaty of Versailles 

• Believe that Germany was treated too harshly

Interwar years

• Post WWI USA  goes back to being neutral by not joining the League of Nations 

• The beginning of the 1920s sees us economy but eventually, the great depression begins in 1979 with the stock market crash 

WWII

• Does not fight in this war until December of 1941 when the japs attack pearl harbor

• Before that, they do get involved economically by building the British military war equipment in American factories to fight Germany

• Atlantic charter, lend-lease act, destroyers for base agreement

• After pearl harbor, the USA attacked Japan defeats their navy at the Battle of Midway, and then implements island hopping strategy at the coast many American lives

• To end Japan and save American lives they drop two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki with leaders to VJ day; victory in Japan

• In Europe, the USA implements D-day which leads to the end of nazi germany and VE day; victory in Europe

Cold war

• The USA and the soviet union are the only two remaining superpowers post WWII

• Usaimeditaly follows an aggressive policy of containment

• Economic containment - Includes, Truman doctrine - economic aid to Greece and Turkey

• Marshall Plan- economic aid to Western Europe

• Military containment - Korean War, Vietnam War, Cuban missile crisis 

• Us involved in the Berlin airlift 

• Join the united nations at this time 

• Crete NASA because of Sputnik 

• After the failure of the Vietnam War USA by the early  1970s begins less aggressive distance called detente

• Usa opens up relationships with China

•  China 1972 and salt agreements with the soviet union

• Salt - strategic arms limitations tr 

Globalization

• Considers themselves the leader of the free world after the fall of the soviet union 

• Get directly involved in middle eastern affairs after

• Islamic terrorism WHICH EDAS to attacks on USA soil like 9/11

• USA leader in mass culture (McDonald, Nike, apple, music, fashion) begging spread around the world

• Internet and technology like computers and smartphones were also created and spread by the USA    

Mongols

Period 1

• Nomads 

• Steppes 

• Horseback people 

• The Mongol empire was created at the end of the 12th country hen Genghis Khan (tem jin)

• When he unites all the nomadic tribes of Mongolia and his direct rule