APES Test 1 Review
Define an ecological footprint
An ecological footprint is a measure of the impact of human activities on the environment. It quantifies the amount of land and resources required to sustain a particular population or individual's lifestyle. It takes into account factors such as energy consumption, carbon emissions, water usage, and waste production. The ecological footprint helps assess the sustainability of human activities and their impact on the Earth's ecosystems.
Define an anthropogenic
An anthropogenic refers to something that is caused or influenced by human activity. It is used to describe environmental changes, such as pollution or deforestation, that are a result of human actions rather than natural processes.
Define the tragedy of the commons and give an example
The tragedy of the commons is a concept in economics where a shared resource is depleted or degraded due to individuals acting in their own self-interest. An example is overfishing in the ocean, where each fisherman has an incentive to catch as many fish as possible, leading to the depletion of fish stocks and long-term damage to the ecosystem.
Define sustainability and describe a way in which a process could be made more sustainable energy
Sustainability refers to the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing environmental, social, and economic factors to ensure long-term viability.
To make a process more sustainable in terms of energy, one approach is to incorporate renewable energy sources. For example, replacing fossil fuel-based energy with solar panels or wind turbines can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on finite resources. Additionally, optimizing energy efficiency through technological advancements and implementing energy-saving practices can also contribute to making a process more sustainable energy-wise.
How would a reduction in global population impact our ability to achieve global sustainability?
A reduction in global population could potentially have both positive and negative impacts on our ability to achieve global sustainability. On the positive side, a smaller population would mean reduced strain on natural resources, lower energy consumption, and less waste generation. This could lead to a more sustainable use of resources and a decreased impact on the environment. However, a smaller population could also result in a decline in workforce and economic productivity, which may hinder technological advancements and the implementation of sustainable practices. Overall, the specific impact would depend on various factors and cannot be determined with certainty.
How might factors such as a record-breaking cold winter or an abnormally hot summer impact a household's ecological footprint
Factors such as a record-breaking cold winter or an abnormally hot summer can impact a household's ecological footprint in several ways:
Increased energy consumption: During extreme weather conditions, households may need to use more energy for heating or cooling, leading to higher electricity or fuel consumption.
Increased carbon emissions: Higher energy consumption often results in increased carbon emissions, contributing to climate change and environmental degradation.
Water usage: Extreme weather conditions can affect water availability, leading to changes in water consumption patterns and potentially impacting the household's water footprint.
Food production: Unusual weather patterns can affect crop yields and availability, potentially impacting the household's food choices and ecological footprint related to food production and transportation.
Overall, extreme weather events can disrupt the balance of resources and energy consumption, potentially increasing a household's ecological footprint.
Give examples of non-renewable energy sources
Non-renewable energy sources are those that cannot be replenished within a human lifespan. Examples include:
Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil, and natural gas formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals.
Nuclear Energy: Generated through the process of nuclear fission in power plants.
Geothermal Energy: Heat energy obtained from the Earth's internal heat.
Tar Sands: A mixture of sand, water, clay, and bitumen that can be processed into oil.
Shale Gas: Natural gas trapped within shale rock formations.
These sources are finite and contribute to environmental degradation and climate change.
Give examples of renewable energy sources
Sure! Here are some examples of renewable energy sources:
Solar power: Energy harnessed from the sun using photovoltaic cells or solar thermal collectors.
Wind power: Energy generated by wind turbines that convert wind into electricity.
Hydropower: Energy derived from flowing or falling water, typically through dams or turbines.
Geothermal energy: Heat energy extracted from the Earth's internal heat.
Biomass: Energy obtained from organic matter, such as wood, crops, or agricultural waste.
Tidal power: Energy generated by harnessing the movement of tides.
Hydrogen fuel cells: Energy produced by converting hydrogen and oxygen into electricity.
These sources are considered renewable because they are naturally replenished and have a minimal impact on the environment.
For each of the following identify their source(s) along with any issues and or benefits with which they are associated. Also consider possible solutions to issues you identified.
Carbon Dioxide
Source(s):
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is primarily emitted through human activities such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), deforestation, and industrial processes.
Issues:
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change.
Excessive CO2 emissions lead to the greenhouse effect, causing rising temperatures, melting ice caps, and sea-level rise.
Increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere can also lead to ocean acidification, harming marine ecosystems.
Benefits:
Carbon dioxide is essential for plant photosynthesis, enabling plants to produce oxygen and grow.
Possible Solutions:
Transitioning to renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro) to reduce fossil fuel combustion and CO2 emissions.
Implementing energy-efficient technologies and practices to reduce carbon footprint.
Afforestation and reforestation efforts to increase carbon sequestration.
Carbon capture and storage technologies to capture and store CO2 emissions from industrial processes.
International agreements and policies to limit CO2 emissions, such as the Paris Agreement.
carbon monoxide
Source: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, and coal.
Issues: Carbon monoxide is highly toxic and can be harmful to humans and animals when inhaled in high concentrations. It binds to hemoglobin in the blood, reducing its ability to carry oxygen, leading to symptoms like headache, dizziness, nausea, and even death. It is a major contributor to indoor air pollution, especially in poorly ventilated areas or when using faulty heating systems or appliances.
Benefits: Carbon monoxide has some industrial uses, such as in the production of chemicals and as a reducing agent in metallurgy. It is also used in controlled environments, like laboratories, for various purposes.
Possible solutions: To address the issues associated with carbon monoxide, it is important to ensure proper ventilation in enclosed spaces and regularly maintain heating systems and appliances. Installing carbon monoxide detectors can provide early warning of high levels. Additionally, promoting the use of cleaner energy sources and improving combustion efficiency can help reduce carbon monoxide emissions.
methane
Source: Methane is a greenhouse gas that is primarily emitted during the production and transport of coal, oil, and natural gas. It is also released by livestock and other agricultural practices, as well as by the decay of organic waste in landfills.
Issues: Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, with a much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Its emissions contribute to climate change and air pollution. Methane leaks during the extraction and transportation of fossil fuels can also pose safety risks.
Benefits: Methane is a valuable energy source and can be used as a fuel for heating, electricity generation, and transportation. It is also a key component in the production of hydrogen and various chemicals.
Possible solutions: To address methane emissions, solutions include improving leak detection and repair in the fossil fuel industry, implementing methane capture and utilization technologies in agriculture and waste management, and transitioning to renewable energy sources to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, promoting sustainable agricultural practices and reducing food waste can help mitigate methane emissions from these sources.
radon
Source: Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is released from the decay of uranium in soil, rocks, and water.
Issues: Radon is a health hazard when it accumulates in enclosed spaces, such as homes, and is inhaled. Prolonged exposure to high levels of radon can increase the risk of lung cancer.
Benefits: There are no direct benefits associated with radon. However, monitoring and mitigating radon levels can help protect human health and reduce the risk of lung cancer.
Possible solutions: To address radon issues, it is important to test for radon levels in homes and implement mitigation measures if necessary. This can include sealing cracks in foundations, improving ventilation, and installing radon mitigation systems. Regular testing and maintenance can help ensure radon levels remain within safe limits.
Asbestos
Asbestos is a mineral fiber used in construction for its heat resistance and durability. However, it poses serious health risks when its fibers are inhaled, causing lung diseases and cancer. It is found in rocks and soil and was used in industries like construction and automotive manufacturing. Prolonged exposure can lead to asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma, with widespread environmental contamination. Despite its benefits in fire resistance and insulation, measures have been taken to address these issues. Many countries have banned or restricted its use, implemented strict regulations, and promoted safer alternatives. Proper asbestos abatement procedures and protective equipment are crucial when dealing with existing materials.
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) comes from burning fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. It harms human health, causes acid rain, and damages ecosystems and infrastructure. However, it is used as a preservative and in industrial processes. To address the issues, cleaner technologies, stricter regulations, alternative energy sources, and monitoring can be used. Implementing these measures can mitigate negative impacts and promote a healthier environment.
mercury
Mercury Sources:
Natural: Volcanic eruptions, rock weathering, soil erosion.
Anthropogenic: Coal-fired power plants, waste incineration, industrial processes, small-scale gold mining.
Mercury Issues:
Environmental pollution: Airborne mercury can accumulate in water bodies, harming aquatic organisms.
Health risks: High mercury exposure can cause neurological and developmental disorders, especially in fetuses and children.
Mercury Benefits:
Industrial applications: Used in electrical equipment, thermometers, dental amalgams.
Solutions to Mercury Issues:
Reducing emissions: Stricter regulations and technologies for industrial processes, coal-fired power plants.
Proper waste management: Dispose and recycle mercury-containing products correctly.
Promoting alternatives: Encourage use of mercury-free alternatives in industries and healthcare.
lead
arsenic
VOCs
ozone
nitrogen dioxide
particulate matter
How many Watts (W) in a kilowatt (kW)? How many kilowatts (kW) in a megawatt (MW)?
1 000 kilowatt hours
1 megawatt-hour (MWh) = 1000 kilowatt hours
1 000 000 watts * W and
What are the main sources of commercial energy in the world?
Primary energy sources take many forms, including nuclear energy, fossil energy -- like oil, coal and natural gas -- and renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower.
How do developed countries differ from developing countries/ less developed countries in terms of energy use?
How are fossil fuels created?
Explain in general how a powerplant works
What is cogeneration? Give an example. How does this differ from a combined cycle power plant?
List the fossil fuels in order from least polluting to most polluting
What are the various stages in coal formation and heat and pressure increases?
Which form has the highest energy content?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using natural gas for energy?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using coal for energy?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using crude oil/petroleum for energy?
What is the Clean Air Act and what does it cover/ address?
List the main anthropogenic sources of air pollution
What are the layers of the atmosphere?
In which layer of the atmosphere should ozone be found?
In which layer is it a problem for life if there is too much ozone? What is the problem?
What is thermal inversion? Why does it occur? And what problems are associated with thermal inversions?
What reactants and conditions are needed for the formation of photochemical smog?
How does it differ from sulfurous smog?
What is acid rain? What factors contribute to its formation?
Describe the hydrologic cycle (precipitation, run-off, infiltration, transpiration, and evaporation)
How is a modern sanitary landfill constructed? What are the key features?
What is the largest single component of MSW in the US?
Describe strategies that can decrease the volume of MSW going into landfills
What is leachate? Why is it a problem?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of incineration of MSW?
How is most MSW disposed of in the US?
What is the difference between point and non-point source pollution
What are some examples of household hazardous waste
What are the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility Compensation and Liability Act and what does it address?
What are the three R’s? List them in order of least to most energy requirements
Define an ecological footprint
An ecological footprint is a measure of the impact of human activities on the environment. It quantifies the amount of land and resources required to sustain a particular population or individual's lifestyle. It takes into account factors such as energy consumption, carbon emissions, water usage, and waste production. The ecological footprint helps assess the sustainability of human activities and their impact on the Earth's ecosystems.
Define an anthropogenic
An anthropogenic refers to something that is caused or influenced by human activity. It is used to describe environmental changes, such as pollution or deforestation, that are a result of human actions rather than natural processes.
Define the tragedy of the commons and give an example
The tragedy of the commons is a concept in economics where a shared resource is depleted or degraded due to individuals acting in their own self-interest. An example is overfishing in the ocean, where each fisherman has an incentive to catch as many fish as possible, leading to the depletion of fish stocks and long-term damage to the ecosystem.
Define sustainability and describe a way in which a process could be made more sustainable energy
Sustainability refers to the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing environmental, social, and economic factors to ensure long-term viability.
To make a process more sustainable in terms of energy, one approach is to incorporate renewable energy sources. For example, replacing fossil fuel-based energy with solar panels or wind turbines can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on finite resources. Additionally, optimizing energy efficiency through technological advancements and implementing energy-saving practices can also contribute to making a process more sustainable energy-wise.
How would a reduction in global population impact our ability to achieve global sustainability?
A reduction in global population could potentially have both positive and negative impacts on our ability to achieve global sustainability. On the positive side, a smaller population would mean reduced strain on natural resources, lower energy consumption, and less waste generation. This could lead to a more sustainable use of resources and a decreased impact on the environment. However, a smaller population could also result in a decline in workforce and economic productivity, which may hinder technological advancements and the implementation of sustainable practices. Overall, the specific impact would depend on various factors and cannot be determined with certainty.
How might factors such as a record-breaking cold winter or an abnormally hot summer impact a household's ecological footprint
Factors such as a record-breaking cold winter or an abnormally hot summer can impact a household's ecological footprint in several ways:
Increased energy consumption: During extreme weather conditions, households may need to use more energy for heating or cooling, leading to higher electricity or fuel consumption.
Increased carbon emissions: Higher energy consumption often results in increased carbon emissions, contributing to climate change and environmental degradation.
Water usage: Extreme weather conditions can affect water availability, leading to changes in water consumption patterns and potentially impacting the household's water footprint.
Food production: Unusual weather patterns can affect crop yields and availability, potentially impacting the household's food choices and ecological footprint related to food production and transportation.
Overall, extreme weather events can disrupt the balance of resources and energy consumption, potentially increasing a household's ecological footprint.
Give examples of non-renewable energy sources
Non-renewable energy sources are those that cannot be replenished within a human lifespan. Examples include:
Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil, and natural gas formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals.
Nuclear Energy: Generated through the process of nuclear fission in power plants.
Geothermal Energy: Heat energy obtained from the Earth's internal heat.
Tar Sands: A mixture of sand, water, clay, and bitumen that can be processed into oil.
Shale Gas: Natural gas trapped within shale rock formations.
These sources are finite and contribute to environmental degradation and climate change.
Give examples of renewable energy sources
Sure! Here are some examples of renewable energy sources:
Solar power: Energy harnessed from the sun using photovoltaic cells or solar thermal collectors.
Wind power: Energy generated by wind turbines that convert wind into electricity.
Hydropower: Energy derived from flowing or falling water, typically through dams or turbines.
Geothermal energy: Heat energy extracted from the Earth's internal heat.
Biomass: Energy obtained from organic matter, such as wood, crops, or agricultural waste.
Tidal power: Energy generated by harnessing the movement of tides.
Hydrogen fuel cells: Energy produced by converting hydrogen and oxygen into electricity.
These sources are considered renewable because they are naturally replenished and have a minimal impact on the environment.
For each of the following identify their source(s) along with any issues and or benefits with which they are associated. Also consider possible solutions to issues you identified.
Carbon Dioxide
Source(s):
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is primarily emitted through human activities such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), deforestation, and industrial processes.
Issues:
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change.
Excessive CO2 emissions lead to the greenhouse effect, causing rising temperatures, melting ice caps, and sea-level rise.
Increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere can also lead to ocean acidification, harming marine ecosystems.
Benefits:
Carbon dioxide is essential for plant photosynthesis, enabling plants to produce oxygen and grow.
Possible Solutions:
Transitioning to renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro) to reduce fossil fuel combustion and CO2 emissions.
Implementing energy-efficient technologies and practices to reduce carbon footprint.
Afforestation and reforestation efforts to increase carbon sequestration.
Carbon capture and storage technologies to capture and store CO2 emissions from industrial processes.
International agreements and policies to limit CO2 emissions, such as the Paris Agreement.
carbon monoxide
Source: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, and coal.
Issues: Carbon monoxide is highly toxic and can be harmful to humans and animals when inhaled in high concentrations. It binds to hemoglobin in the blood, reducing its ability to carry oxygen, leading to symptoms like headache, dizziness, nausea, and even death. It is a major contributor to indoor air pollution, especially in poorly ventilated areas or when using faulty heating systems or appliances.
Benefits: Carbon monoxide has some industrial uses, such as in the production of chemicals and as a reducing agent in metallurgy. It is also used in controlled environments, like laboratories, for various purposes.
Possible solutions: To address the issues associated with carbon monoxide, it is important to ensure proper ventilation in enclosed spaces and regularly maintain heating systems and appliances. Installing carbon monoxide detectors can provide early warning of high levels. Additionally, promoting the use of cleaner energy sources and improving combustion efficiency can help reduce carbon monoxide emissions.
methane
Source: Methane is a greenhouse gas that is primarily emitted during the production and transport of coal, oil, and natural gas. It is also released by livestock and other agricultural practices, as well as by the decay of organic waste in landfills.
Issues: Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, with a much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Its emissions contribute to climate change and air pollution. Methane leaks during the extraction and transportation of fossil fuels can also pose safety risks.
Benefits: Methane is a valuable energy source and can be used as a fuel for heating, electricity generation, and transportation. It is also a key component in the production of hydrogen and various chemicals.
Possible solutions: To address methane emissions, solutions include improving leak detection and repair in the fossil fuel industry, implementing methane capture and utilization technologies in agriculture and waste management, and transitioning to renewable energy sources to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, promoting sustainable agricultural practices and reducing food waste can help mitigate methane emissions from these sources.
radon
Source: Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is released from the decay of uranium in soil, rocks, and water.
Issues: Radon is a health hazard when it accumulates in enclosed spaces, such as homes, and is inhaled. Prolonged exposure to high levels of radon can increase the risk of lung cancer.
Benefits: There are no direct benefits associated with radon. However, monitoring and mitigating radon levels can help protect human health and reduce the risk of lung cancer.
Possible solutions: To address radon issues, it is important to test for radon levels in homes and implement mitigation measures if necessary. This can include sealing cracks in foundations, improving ventilation, and installing radon mitigation systems. Regular testing and maintenance can help ensure radon levels remain within safe limits.
Asbestos
Asbestos is a mineral fiber used in construction for its heat resistance and durability. However, it poses serious health risks when its fibers are inhaled, causing lung diseases and cancer. It is found in rocks and soil and was used in industries like construction and automotive manufacturing. Prolonged exposure can lead to asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma, with widespread environmental contamination. Despite its benefits in fire resistance and insulation, measures have been taken to address these issues. Many countries have banned or restricted its use, implemented strict regulations, and promoted safer alternatives. Proper asbestos abatement procedures and protective equipment are crucial when dealing with existing materials.
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) comes from burning fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. It harms human health, causes acid rain, and damages ecosystems and infrastructure. However, it is used as a preservative and in industrial processes. To address the issues, cleaner technologies, stricter regulations, alternative energy sources, and monitoring can be used. Implementing these measures can mitigate negative impacts and promote a healthier environment.
mercury
Mercury Sources:
Natural: Volcanic eruptions, rock weathering, soil erosion.
Anthropogenic: Coal-fired power plants, waste incineration, industrial processes, small-scale gold mining.
Mercury Issues:
Environmental pollution: Airborne mercury can accumulate in water bodies, harming aquatic organisms.
Health risks: High mercury exposure can cause neurological and developmental disorders, especially in fetuses and children.
Mercury Benefits:
Industrial applications: Used in electrical equipment, thermometers, dental amalgams.
Solutions to Mercury Issues:
Reducing emissions: Stricter regulations and technologies for industrial processes, coal-fired power plants.
Proper waste management: Dispose and recycle mercury-containing products correctly.
Promoting alternatives: Encourage use of mercury-free alternatives in industries and healthcare.
lead
arsenic
VOCs
ozone
nitrogen dioxide
particulate matter
How many Watts (W) in a kilowatt (kW)? How many kilowatts (kW) in a megawatt (MW)?
1 000 kilowatt hours
1 megawatt-hour (MWh) = 1000 kilowatt hours
1 000 000 watts * W and
What are the main sources of commercial energy in the world?
Primary energy sources take many forms, including nuclear energy, fossil energy -- like oil, coal and natural gas -- and renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower.
How do developed countries differ from developing countries/ less developed countries in terms of energy use?
How are fossil fuels created?
Explain in general how a powerplant works
What is cogeneration? Give an example. How does this differ from a combined cycle power plant?
List the fossil fuels in order from least polluting to most polluting
What are the various stages in coal formation and heat and pressure increases?
Which form has the highest energy content?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using natural gas for energy?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using coal for energy?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using crude oil/petroleum for energy?
What is the Clean Air Act and what does it cover/ address?
List the main anthropogenic sources of air pollution
What are the layers of the atmosphere?
In which layer of the atmosphere should ozone be found?
In which layer is it a problem for life if there is too much ozone? What is the problem?
What is thermal inversion? Why does it occur? And what problems are associated with thermal inversions?
What reactants and conditions are needed for the formation of photochemical smog?
How does it differ from sulfurous smog?
What is acid rain? What factors contribute to its formation?
Describe the hydrologic cycle (precipitation, run-off, infiltration, transpiration, and evaporation)
How is a modern sanitary landfill constructed? What are the key features?
What is the largest single component of MSW in the US?
Describe strategies that can decrease the volume of MSW going into landfills
What is leachate? Why is it a problem?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of incineration of MSW?
How is most MSW disposed of in the US?
What is the difference between point and non-point source pollution
What are some examples of household hazardous waste
What are the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility Compensation and Liability Act and what does it address?
What are the three R’s? List them in order of least to most energy requirements
