learning and motivation 2/9/22

• elicited / respondent behavior: behavior (involuntary) drawn out by preceding stimulus
• reflex: automatic response to a stimulus
  • ==startle response:== defensive response to unexpected stimulus
  • ==orienting response:== body movement to position ourselves toward a stimulus
  • ==reflex arc:== neural structure underlying some reflexes
  • bypassing conscious thought
• fixed action patterns (instincts)
  • elicited by a specific stimulus (species-specific)
  • sign stimulus / releaser: specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern
  • adaptive responses, evolved to cope with consistent aspects of the environment
  • can become maladaptive due to sudden changes in environment
• opponent-process theory of emotion
  • explains aftereffects of strong emotional responses
  • two competing processes
  • @@primary / a process:@@ directly elicited by the event
  • @@opponent / b process:@@ serves to counteract primary process and maintain homeostasis
  • the repeated presentations of an emotional event diminishes primary process response and increases strength of b process
• classical conditioning: stimulus elicits response because it is associated w another stimulus
  • conditioned stimulus (cs): initially neutral, elicited response when paired w unconditioned stimulus
  • conditioned response: often similar to ur, elicited by cs
• appetitive conditioning: seek out this stimulus
• aversive conditioning: avoid this stimulus
• suppression ratio: (number of responses emitted during cs period)/(number of cs responses and number of pre-cs responses)
• ^^excitatory conditioning:^^ ns associated with presentation of us
• ^^inhibitory conditioning:^^ ns associated with absence / removal of us
• ^^temporal conditioning:^^ ns / cs is the passage of time
• ^^pseudoconditioning:^^ elicited response that appears to be a cr but it actually the result of sensitization
  • sensitization
  • nonassociative learning
  • increase in strength of elicited behavior following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
  • opposite of habituation
  • overgeneralization of response
  • effects usually disappear when stimulus is not presented for a period of time
• from most to least effective:
  • delayed conditioning
  • trace conditioning
  • simultaneous
  • backward

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