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AP Psychology Ultimate Guide
Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior
Unit 2: Cognition
Unit 3: Development and Learning
Unit 4: Social Psychology and Personality
Unit 5: Mental and Physical Health
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Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology
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AP PSYCH 5.8 Biases and Errors in Thinking
The ways we are wrong fall into common, easily identifiable categories
These are heuristics and cognitive biases
Remember that heuristics are thinking short cuts
They can lead us into the wrong answer sometimes
They aren’t always bad, in fact, they often work and are useful
A heuristic is like a process that leads us to a cognitive bias
A cognitive bias is the result of using an imperfect thinking strategy
These results can then be used to create even more wrong answers
There are many, many cognitive biases
Examples
The difference between heuristics and biases can be pretty abstract
Can you determine if any given thought is the result or cause of another thought? Probably not.
Luckily, the AP Exam does not expect you to be able to differentiate between the two
What we know is concrete is examples and explanations, but not definitions
Repeating a definition is not enough for AP standards
Heuristic
Representativeness Heuristic
Thinking that a new thing has a few characteristics of a schema, and so it will fit into that schema
Forcing something to fit into a box that it may not actually belong in, but initially looked right
Availability Heuristic
When a thought is already right at the forefront of the mind, it is easy to just reference that, and not elaborate further
It’s easier to think of chores you’ve done around the house, so it may feel like you are doing more work than others
Anchoring Bias
A powerful or emotional thought weighs down the reat of the mind
Confirmation Bias
Looking for proof of an preconceived notion and ignoring proof that disputes that idea
Hindsight Bias
Believing, after the answer has been revealed, that you knew it all along
Bias
Fixedness
Not being able to see a problem from another point of view
Framing Effect
Being influenced by how something is contextualized
Some ways of phrasing things can come off differently, despite the literal meaning being the same
Illusory Correlation
Things happening at the same time or near each other, but not actually being connected
Functional Fixedness
Not being able to see that a physical object has multiple uses
Belief Perseverance
Even when presented with convincing evidence to the contrary, people tend to hold on to wrong beliefs
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AP Psychology Study Guides
AP Psychology Ultimate Guide
Unit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior
Unit 2: Cognition
Unit 3: Development and Learning
Unit 4: Social Psychology and Personality
Unit 5: Mental and Physical Health
Studying for another AP Exam?
Check out our other AP study guides
Top Exams
AP English Language and Composition
AP Biology
AP United States History