Key Historical Concepts and Events

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1. Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Land policy for new western territories in the Ohio valley that established the terms and conditions for self-government and statehood while also banning slavery from the region.

2. Shay's Rebellion: Storming of the Massachusetts federal arsenal in 1787 by Daniel Shays and 1,200 armed farmers seeking debt relief from the state legislature through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes.

3. Federalism: Concept of dividing governmental authority between the national government and the states

4. Separation of Powers: Division of government into three branches (executive, legislative, judicial) with checks and balances.

5. The Federalist Papers: a collection of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of ratification of the Constitution.

6. Bill of Rights (1791): First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and to help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states.

7. Jeffersonian Republicans: Political party founded by Thomas Jefferson in opposition

   to the Federalist Party led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams; also known as the Democratic-Republican Party

8. Hamilton's Economic Reforms: Various measures designed to strengthen the nation's capitalist economy and generate federal revenue through the promotion of new industries, the adoption of new tax policies, the payment of war debts, and the establishment of a national bank. He believed the U.S. should become more industrialized.

9. Bank of the United States (BUS): National bank responsible for holding and transferring federal government funds, making business loans, and issuing a national currency.

10. French Revolution: 1789 movement overthrowing the monarchy, leading to instability.

11. Jay's Treaty: 1794 agreement resolving trade disputes and British fort evacuations.

12. Whiskey Rebellion (1794): Farmers' protest against whiskey tax, suppressed by federal forces.

13. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798): Laws limiting speech and press freedoms, targeting immigrants.

14. Election of 1800: First Democratic-Republican victory, marking a political shift.

15. Federalists: Supporters of a strong centralized government during the Constitution's ratification.

16. Anti-Federalists: Opponents of the Constitution, advocating for state power.

17. Virginia Plan: Proposal for proportional representation in Congress, favoring larger states.

18. New Jersey Plan: Proposal for equal state representation in Congress, maintaining unicameral structure.

19. XYZ Affair (1798): Diplomatic incident with France leading to public outrage over bribery demands.

20. Branches of Government: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches designed to balance power.

21. Washington's Farewell Address: Warned against foreign alliances and political parties, promoting national unity.

22. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809): Key actions