caliphate- an area where religious Muslims lived under the leadership of a caliph, who was considered to be a successor to Muhammad, Islam’s prophet and founder

direct rule- system of government in which a province is controlled by a central government

federal character- focuses on promoting good governance, development and egalitarianism, whilst reporting extensively on politics, business, sports, and entertainment

indirect rule- system of governance where a colonial power uses local leaders to control a region

kinship links- relationships with a community or family

loyalty pyramids- visual representation of customer loyalty levels, typically structured as a pyramid with the most loyal customers at the top adn the least loyal (new or occasional buyers) at the bottom

national question- should nigeria be a country?

prebendalism- political system in which elected officials and government workers feel the have a right to a share of government revenues and use them to benefit supporters

protectorate- autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity

structural adjustment program- set of economic reforms that a country must adhere to in order to secure a loan from the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank

true federalism- increasing agitation for a functional federal system or what is referred to as

warrant chiefs- traditional leader established by colonial warrant

boko haram- islamic terrorist group that wants to overthrow the current nigerian government to replace it with a regime based on islamic law

fourth republic- current republican government of Nigeria since 1999

national question- term used for a variety of issues related to nationalism

sharia- customary law in Nigeria, has been instituted as a main body of civil and criminal law in twelve Muslim-majority states

Independent National Election Commision (INEC)- established in 1999, electoral body which oversees elections in Nigeria

Republic of Biafra- Biafra, officially Republic of Biafra, partially recognized state in West Africa that declared independence from Nigeria and existed from 1967-1970

patron-clientelism- refers to a political system where powerful individuals or groups provide benefits and resources to less powerful individuals or groups

linkage institutions- structure within a society that connects the people to the government or centralized authority

Arewa Consultive Forum- ACF is a Nigerian quasi-political and socio-cultural association which seeks to promote the political interest of people of northern Nigeria

Ohanaeze Ndigbo- Igbo socio-cultural organization in Nigeria

Afenifere- socio-cultural organization for the Yoruba people of Nigeria with Chief Abraham Adesanya as its leader and Chief Bola Ige as deputy leader

Middle Belt Forum- MBF is a regional socio-political group in Nigeria that seeks to promote the interests of the people of the Middle Belt region, loosely defined area in the northcentral region of Nigeria

Ijaw Youth Council- prominent sociopolitical organization in Nigeria, representing the interest of the Ijaw people, which is the fourth largest ethnic group in Nigeria

Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP)- Founded in 1990, Ogoni-based non-governmental, non-political apex organization of the Ogoni ethnic minority people of South-Eastern Nigeria

Movement to Emancipate the Niger Delta (MEND)- decentralized militant group in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria

Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN)- umbrella organization containing numerous Christian denominations in Nigeria

Nigerian Council for Islamic Affairs (NSCIA)- Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (NSCIA) is the apex Islamic authority in Nigeria

Nigerian Women’s Trust Fund- amplifies women’s voices and promotes gender equality

MASSOB- Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) is a group in Nigeria that wants to create an independent Biafra, based on Igbo nationalism

Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)- state-owned oil corporation established in 1977 and the largest asset holder within the Nigerian oil and gas industry

NGO- Non-governmental organizations or private organizations

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)- made up of fifteen member countries that are located in the Western African Region

import substitution industrialization- ISI is a theory of economics that’s typically adhered to by developing countries or emerging market nations as they seek to decrease

Niger Delta Avengers- NDA are Nigeria’s “new” Niger Delta militancy phenomenon. they have issued challenges to the Nigerian government, international oil companies, and the military

West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)- group of West African countries aiming to create a common currency. it seeks to improve economic cooperation and stability in the region

People’s Democratic Party (PDP)