The_Industrial_Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Overview

AP Human Geography, RRHS 2019-2020

• Agrarian Societies: Most engaged in farming (80% in primary sector). Artisans involved in small-scale production (blacksmiths, crafts).

• Economic Structure: Social hierarchy of feudalism with farmers paying landlords; only 20% in secondary or tertiary sectors.

• Before and After the Industrial Revolution: Rural life with manual labor and high infant mortality before IR; post-IR urban migration resulted in 40-60% of jobs in factories under harsh conditions.

• Long-term Impact of Industrialization: Living standards improved in developed countries, but urban slums faced initial declines; developing nations face challenges.

• Urban Migration: Loss of primary sector jobs led to city migration, creating a cycle of increased production and innovation.

• Transformation of Production: Shift to mass production lowered costs; canals and railways developed for transport efficiency.

• Technological Advances: Steam engine revolutionized power, influencing factories and transportation.

• Industrial Hearths: Regions like 'The Black Country' in England thrived due to resource availability.

• Social Changes: Enclosure Acts displaced peasants, leading to urban migration; 80% of the working class faced poor conditions with long hours.

• Emergence of the Middle Class: Skilled workers enjoyed better health and living standards, leading to smaller family sizes.

• Demographic Trends: Population growth fueled by improved food supply and urban migration; demographic transitions eventually lower birth rates.

• Economic Sectors Overview: Primary (agriculture), Secondary (manufacturing), Tertiary (services), Quaternary (R&D), Quinary (decision-makers).