AP Human Geo unit 7 terms

Basic Business: A business that sells its products or services primarily to customers outside the settlement

Business Service: A service that primarily meets the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

Central Place: A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area

Central Place Theory: A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serves as market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than small settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

Clustered Rural Settlement: A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other, with fields surrounding the settlement

Customer Service: A service that primarily meets the needs of individual consumers, including retail, education, health, and leisure services

Dispersed Rural Settlement: A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

Economic Base: A community’s base of economic businesses

Enclosure Movement: The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century

Food Desert: An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than one mile

Gravity Model: A model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

Hinterland: The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to the place’s goods and services (also known as a market area)

Market Area: see Hinterland

Nonbasic Business: A business that sells its products primarily to customers in the same settlement

Primate City: A city that is the largest settlement in a country and has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement

Primate City Rule: A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice the population as the second ranking settlement

Public Service: A service offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses

Range: The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

Rank-Size Rule: A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

Service: Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it

Settlement: A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants

Threshold: The minimum number of people needed to support a service

Urbanization: An increase in the percentage and number of people living in urban settlements

Annexation: Legally adding land area to a city in the United States

Carbon Capture and Storage: The process of capturing waste CO2, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, usually underground

Census Tract: An area delineated by the US Census Bureau for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

Central Business District: The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

Central City: An urban settlement that has be legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality

Combined Statistical Area: In the United States, two or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns

Concentric Zone Model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

Core-Based Statistical Area: In the United States, any MSA or μSA

Density Gradient: The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery

Edge City: A large node of office and retail services on the edge of an urban area

FIltering: A process in the change of the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment

Gentrification: A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter occupied area to a predominantly middle class, owner occupied area

Informal Settlement: An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

Megalopolis: A continuous urban complex in the northeastern United States

Metropolitan Statistical Area: In the United States, an urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

Micropolitan Statistical Area: An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties tied to the city

Multiple Nuclei Model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities

Peripheral Model: A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential areas and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road

Primary Census Area: In the United States, any MSA not included in a CSA, or any μSA not included in a CSA

Public Housing: Government-owned housing rented to low-income individual, with rents set at 30 percent of the tenant’s income

Redlining: A process by which financial institutions draw red-coloured lines on a map and refuse to to lend money for people to pursue or improve property within the lines

Rush Hour: The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volume of traffic

Sector Model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district

Smart Growth: Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland

Social Area Analysis: Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle living within an urban area

Sprawl: Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area

Suburb:A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city

Sustainable Development: Development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Underclass: A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics

Urban Area: A central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs

Urban Cluster: In the United States, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants

Urbanized Area: In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants

Zoning Ordinance: A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community