HEALTH STATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

NCM 110 Midterm Overview

• Course: NCM 110

• Exam: Midterm - Week 1

Prayer for Guidance

• Everlasting Father, thank you for your plans.

• Acknowledgment of college as part of God's plan.

• Prayer for guidance in future endeavors.

Learning Objectives

• At the end of a 2-hour interactive lecture:

  • Discuss health statistics, indicators, and implications.

  • Discuss principles and steps of epidemiology.

  • Calculate epidemiological measures for assessing community health.

  • Identify patterns and distribution of disease.

  • Describe epidemiology of communicable diseases and transmission factors.

  • Explain the role of an epidemiology nurse.

Health Statistics and Epidemiology

• Purpose: Tools and health indicators for assessing community health.

• Focus Areas:

  • Health indicators in the Philippine situation.

  • Epidemiology fundamentals.

Definitions of Epidemiology

• Breakdown of the word:

  • Epi (upon) + demos (people) + logos (study).

• Definition: Study of distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations for prevention and control.

Applications of Epidemiology

• Prevention and Control of disease.

• Monitoring and Evaluation of health interventions.

• Evidence Provision for policy formulation.

• Assessment of community health status.

• Elucidation of disease natural history.

• Causation Determination of diseases.

Tools in Epidemiology

• Demography: Study of human population size, composition, and distribution.

• Health Indicators: Metrics such as fertility, morbidity, prevalence, and mortality rates.

Vital Statistics

• Definition: Study of vital events (births, deaths, marriages).

• Importance: Indicates community health and success of health initiatives.

• Components:

  • Individual records

  • Population records

  • Population indicators

Legislation in the Philippines

• RA 10625: Philippine Statistical Act of 2013 for registration of births/deaths.

• PD 651: Birth registration law requires registration within 30 days.

Health Indicators and Rates

• Rates: Relationship between a vital event and exposed population.

• Ratios: Describes the relationship between two numerical quantities without regard to time/place.

• Fertility Rates, Mortality Rates, and Morbidity Rates defined further in detail.

Types of Fertility Rates

• Crude Birth Rate (CBR):

  • Formula: CBR = (Total live births/Estimated population) x 1,000

• General Fertility Rate (GFR):

  • Formula: GFR = (Number of live births/Midyear population of women aged 15-49) x 1,000

Mortality Rates

• Crude Death Rate (CDR):

  • Formula: CDR = (Total deaths/Estimated population) x 1,000

• Specific Death Rate (SDR):

  • Formula: SDR = (Deaths in specified group/Midyear population) x 1,000

• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):

  • Formula: IMR = (Total deaths under 1 year/Total live births) x 1,000

• Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR):

  • Formula: MMR = (Deaths from maternal causes/Total live births) x 1,000

Epidemiology Functions and Responsibilities

• Roles of the epidemiology nurse:

  • Renders nursing care and supervises others.

  • Teaches health measures and prevention strategies.

  • Follows up on cases and community education campaigns.

Disease Occurrence Levels

• Sporadic: Rare, infrequent disease.

• Endemic: Constant presence in an area.

• Epidemic: Sudden increase above normal.

• Pandemic: Widespread across several countries.

Epidemiological Investigation Guidelines

• Steps to investigate outbreaks:

  • Establish presence of the epidemic.

  • Establish time and space relationships of the disease.

  • Correlate data obtained during the investigation.

Understanding Disease Causation

• Epidemiological Triangle:

  • Host, Agent, Environment interaction.

• Iceberg Principle: Highlights hidden disease prevalence.

• Web of Causation: Relationship of multiple factors contributing to disease.

Chain of Infection and Infectious Disease Prevention

• Key components:

  • Pathogenous agents, portals of entry and exit, modes of transmission, susceptible hosts.

• Importance of preventing disease transmission through sanitation, precautions, and education.

Functions of Community Health Nurse (CHN)

• Support for families:

  • Health education, ensure access to medical care, isolation/quarantine teaching.

  • Social support referrals and communication with health authorities.

  • Knowledge of local health statistics and preventive practices.

Food Safety Overview

• Definition: Assurance against harm from food preparation.

• Objectives of the Food Safety Act of 2013.

Conclusion

• Recap of major health statistics and epidemiology concepts to be understood for midterm exam preparation.