AP World History Unit 2 

10 commandments :Moses received them from the top of a mountain from God; Christians and Jews followed them; laws of God'

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Abrahamic Religions :3 religions that regard Abraham as their ancestor in faith: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

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Alexander the Great :son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world

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Allegory of the Cave :Seeing is not always true; Plato uses this to say that we only have a skewed view on the world and do not take into account what we may not know

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Apostle Paul :A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, according to Christian belief, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, he became arguably the most significant figure in the spread of Christianity and the shaping of its doctrine.

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Arete :in early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest

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Aristocracy :A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

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Aristotle :Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

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Athenian Golden Age :Time between the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War in which Athens became a cultural center. The Pantheon was built, Direct Democracy established, and trade flourished

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Athens :A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.

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Atman :in Hindu belief, the individual human soul.

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Augustus Caesar :The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace

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Badhisattva :People who delay Nirvana to help all reach Nirvana

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Ban Zhao :A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women.

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Bhagavad Gita :The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.

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Brahma :In Hinduism, the creator of the world

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Brahman :The Universe and all of its matter, the one true reality - life on Earth was an illusion. Followers of Hinduism strived to one day unite with Brahman, ending the cycle of Rebirth.

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Bread and Circuses :A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems.

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Bureaucracy; civil service :System of managing government through departments run by appointed officials. Bureaucracy is common terminology in politics.
\-the indian civil service: run by the british

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Byzantine Empire :(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

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Chinese Innovations :Gunpowder, cannons, movable type, paper currency, porcelain, terrace farming, water-powered mills, cotton sails, water clock, magnetic compass, state-run factories, clay furnaces for casting iron
many inventions were made before other civilizations.

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Civil Service Exam :In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.

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Cleopatra :last pharaoh of Egypt; had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony; Octavian's enemy

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Colosseum :A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place

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Confucianism :A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. Those in the government must act as examples to those below them so that the government functions. They must also be benevolent so as not to cause rebellions.

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Cyrus the Great :A remarkable leader who managed to reunite he Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world

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Dalits :Members of India's "lowest" caste; literally, "broken people." Also called "Untouchables." Touching a Dalit was supposed to give higher castes ritual impurity so Dalits were heavily avoided.

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Daoism :A religion in China that emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature. Started by a man named Laozi, it revolved around the notion of Dao - nature ruled all and was unchanging.

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Darius the Great :king of Persia who expanded the empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)

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Democracy :A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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Dharma :In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties

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Eastern Orthodox Christianity :Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe; noted for the subordination of the Church to political authorities, a married clergy, the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist, and insistence on church councils as the ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.

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Eightfold Path :In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering and to follow the middle path.

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Emperor Ashoka :Maurya empire of India (320-185 BC); great emperor of India; conversion to Buddhism and spread Buddhism throughout India by building shrines and pillars for Buddhists.
Was known for his moralistic practices and contributions to society after he felt extreme remorse for a military attack to fully grow his empire.

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Emperor Qin Shihuangdi :adopted legalism; 1st emperor of the Qin dynasty; ended era of Warring States. Very brutal leader, disliked by the public.

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Empress Wu, Tang Dynasty :Amazing leader, only female empress of China, created a strong government.

Ethical Monotheism :the emphasis on right conduct and the worship of one god

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Fall of Rome :476 CE

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Filial Piety (Confucianism) :a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors

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Ganges River :A river of South Asia that flows southeast from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal.

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Germanic peoples :Since the days of Julius Caesar, they coexisted with Rome on the Northern borders; when the Huns invaded, the people invaded Rome while trying to flee

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Gladiator :A person trained to fight another person to the death for public entertainment

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Golden Mean :Aristotle's term for describing ethical behavior as a midpoint between extremes

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Great Wall of China :world's longest man made structure built to keep invaders from the north out of China, started by the Qin Dynasty, expanded by the Han Dynasty,

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Greco-Persian Wars :Two major Persian invasions of Greece, 490 and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea each time.

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Greek rationalism :A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.

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Han Dynasty :(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity

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Hellenism :Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.

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Himalayan mountains :Highest mountain range in the world, seperates India from China

Hubris :excessive pride or self-confidence

Indus river :A river in South Asia that flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea.

israel :A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

Jainism :a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.

Jatis :a social group that does a particular job and that a person is born into. There are thousands of jatis.

Jesus :A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world's largest religion.

Judaism :A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.

Julias Caesar :The great Roman leader who created the first Triumvirate and became dictator for life.

Karma :(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation
Good karma lead to a higher caste in the next life.

Laws of Manu :work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society, written c.200 in India. It is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharma Sastra (or "laws of righteous conduct");
Expressed that patriarchy was natural and good, made some castes higher than others, and supported the overall caste system.

Legalism :Harsh Chinese philosophy used by Emperor Shi Huangdi, used severe punishments and great rewards as an incentive to do right in society, looked on people as naturally selfish and bad, and made the Qin Dynasty heavily disliked by the people.

Mahabharata :the longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC

Mandate of Heaven/Dynastic Cycle :Chinese belief that Heaven gave a mandate to rulers and when natural disasters and invasions occurred, the Mandate of Heaven was lost.

Mauryan Empire :(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.

Mediterranean Sea :This body of Water separates Europe and Africa

Meritocracy :a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

Middle Kingdom (China) :Term that ancient China used to refer to themselves. The believed they were the center of the Earth, or the Middle Kingdom.

Moksha :The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. Unity with Brahman.

Monarchy :A government ruled by a king or queen

Monsoons :seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons in India. Messes up travel and trade.

Nalanda :Famous Buddhist university of ancient india, might have been the first university worldwide.

Nirvana :The state of englightenment for Buddhists.

Oligarchy :A government ruled by a few powerful people

Parthenon :A temple dedicated to the goddess Athena

Pater familias "father of the family" :Roman term- gave the eldest male (head of family) almost unlimited authority

Patricians and Plebeians :From the start the roman society was split into two classes. The patricians who were considered to be the upper class could serve as priests, senators and magistrate. The plebeians were the commoners- farmers, laborers and artisans. The wealth did not define the class, some plebeians were rich and more patricians could be poor.

Pax Romana :A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

Pericles :Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

Persian Empire :Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires, as well as Egypt and many others. Also known as the Achaemenid Empire.

Plato :(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

plutocracy :government of the wealthy

Polis :A city-state in ancient Greece.

Prophets :People who are said to receive messages from God to be taught to others

Ren and Li (Confucianism) :Ren is inward moral beliefs such as goodness and selflessness. Li is outwardly showing good behavior and conduct. For example, attending rituals and ceremonies while behaving respectably and acceptably.

Roman Infrastructure :military advancements, communication, roads, laws, innovations, public works, Pax Romana

Roman Law (12 Tables) :1. Original Roman laws contained written Rome laws
2\. Formed foundation of Roman republic
3\. modified overtime fit periods of time
Significance
first laws of a republic

Roman Republic :The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.

Romulus and Remus :Traditional story of how Rome began. Twins abandoned and rescued by a wolf, raised by a shepherd . Grew to build Rome. Romulus later killed Remus

Samsara :the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism

Secular :Concerned with this world rather than spiritual matters

Shiva :A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world, so it can be reborn.

Sikhism :the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Silk roads :A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

Socrates :(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Sparta :Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts

Spartacus :slave, trained as a gladiator, who led a rebellion against the roman army for slave freedom- he was killed after two years

Spread of Christianity :The Pax Romana and extensive roads made spread easier

Stupas :a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine.
Used as burial mounds.

Terracotta Soldiers :Ordered by Emperor Qin, to keep him safe in the afterlife instead of killing 8000 soldiers, he said to make 8000 CLAY soldiers by the time he is dead.

The analects :The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism.

The Buddha :Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have found a path for overcoming suffering.
Siddhartha Gautama, he was a prince but became a teacher and led to the birth of Buddhism.

The Four Noble Truths :1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path

Theravada vs. Mahayana Buddhism :Theravada stressed Buddha as a teacher — Mahayana stressed Buddha as a divine being
Theravada strives for nirvana — Mahayana strives to help everyone else reach nirvana first
Theravada focused on wisdom and was taught — Mahayana focused on compassion and religious beings

Torah :The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this

Trung Sisters Rebellion :Launched a rebellion in Vietnam against China, led by two aristocratic sisters, claimed a lot of territory and had a strong army, but eventually collapsed to China's military.

Uighurs :A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia.

Upanishads :A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised. Expressed the ideas in the Vedas more clearly.

Varna :The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.

Vedas :Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.

Veneration of Ancestors :Chinese had great respect for their ancestors. Offered sacrifices at graves. Head of family in charge of rites to honor spirits. Buried material goods with their dead.
It was very important to honor ancestors in Confucianism.

Vishnu :A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world, had avatars to protect the Dharma on Earth such as Krishna. Krishna is very well-known and is the Charioteer for Arjuna in Mahabharata.

Wang Mang :interrupted Han rule for around 15 years to rule China; tried helping the poor by establishing granaries and land reform. Eventually failed because of pushback from the wealthy and natural events like floods and poor harvests.

Warring States Period :time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E. Was ended by the Qin Dynasty.

Yellow Turban Rebellion :A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.

Yin and Yang :In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. Used in Daoism.

Zoroastrianism :One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.