Sociology Notes

Sociology

Society

• Land 

• Language

• Population

• Acknowledgment

• Connection

  • Society

  • Culture

    • Learned

    • Transmitted

    • Shared

    • Adapted and Changing

• Elements of culture

  • Non-Material/Abstract

    • Beliefs

      • Explanations to the unknown -> theory

    • Values

      • Related to our morals & ethics -> standards

    • Norms

      • Expectations -> allow us to live together

    • Symbols

    • Language

      • Language change

        • Sapir-whorf hypothesis - does language change how we think

          • Change in language

            • Technology

          • COnceptuacl ideas - Intersectionality

          • borrowing

  • Tangible

    • Material culture

      • Technology

• Sanctions

  • Positive

    • Formal

      • Diplomas, Promotions

    • Informal

      • Thumps up, verbal praise

  • Negative

    • Formal

      • Failing a class, Jail Time

    •  Informal

      • Gossip

Culture

• Cultural Universals - found in all cultures

  • Family, rules, language, medicine, marriage

    • Have the same baseline values

• Ideal vs. Real

  • Culture Shock - a shock to unfamiliar norms

  • Ethnocentrism - my culture is better

  • Xenocetrism - their culture is better

  • Cultural relativism - Practice without bias

• High Culture (“elite culture”) - high class, requires training

  • Ballet, opera, “art”, food

• Popular Culture (Mass Culture) - made for consumption: accessible to everybody

  • Music, clothing, brands, restaurant chains 

    • Pulls from both high and folk culture

• Folk Culture (Within a community) - made and used by the people 

  • Food, moonshine, clothes, instruments, dances

• Low Culture (poverty) - the culture of poverty: victim blaming

• Subculture - occupation-based, religious-based, focused on one particular value

  • Amish, Harley rider

• Counter culture - Challenging Society

  • cults

• Culture change

  • Invention

    • Something new

  • Innovation

    • Bring existing things together -> new and improved

  • Discovery

    • Unknown becomes known

  • Diffusion

    • Process of moving things from one place to another

• Culture lag - The amount of time for a generation to accept a new concept

  • Technological lag

  • Generational lag

Agents of socialization

• Social groups

  • Family

  • peers

• Institutional agents

  • School

  • Media

  • Government

  • workplace

Total Institution Resocialization

• Give up on identity to adopt another

  • Prison, asylums, religions, military

Identity

• Looking glass self

  • I and Me: Generalized Other

    • When you interact with people, they are reflecting it back towards you

      • I: impulsive,  wants something

      • Me: responding within ourselves

        • What we learned from others

      • Generalized Other: sense of what others do and how they respond

• Natural growth/ Concentrated Cultivation

  • Natural Growth - Letting kids grow

  • Concentrated Cultivation -  overly structured

Societies across time

• Preindustrial 

  • Hunter-Gatherers-Foragers

    • Bambi, Kung, Intuit

    • Nomadic

    • Human energy

  • Pastoralism

    • Domestication of animals 

    • More sedentarily, use all of the animals

      • Human energy

  • Horticultural

    • Yanomani

    • Domestication of plants 

      • Human energy

  • Agricultural Society

    • More people, more technologies

    • Produced a surplus 

    • Provided for others 

      • Development of new skills

      • Animal energy

• Industrial

  • Manufacturing

  • Mass Population

    • Higher likelihood of sickness

      • Not environmentally friendly

        • pollution

• Post-industrial

  • Information service

    • Techno - electronic

    • Digital

Social Institutions

• Tonnies

  • Contrasted premodern with post-modern

• Premodern

  • Traditional agricultural

• Modern

  • Industries

• Post-industrial

Wealth - Anything with a title

Fubctionctionalism - Durkheim

• Mechanical solidarity -

  • Together 

    • Collective consciousness

      • Laws based on revenge

• Organic Solidarity

  • Individual

    • Normless - social anomie (alienation)

Conflict Theory - Marx

• Exploitation of Working Class

  • Divisions

    • Superstructure - fam, rel, edu, culture

    • Burgeosise + Proletariat = owens peoples class

    • Alienation - workplace: instability to grow (boring)

      • From others - isolation

      • Lack of Control in one's life

• False consciousness vs class consciousness

  • I deserve this 

    • Believes the people who control the system can be changed

• Symbolic Interactionism - Weber

  • Class is economic power

    • Class, Status, Power

    • Rationalization - logic is efficiency

    • Bureaucracy - ideal type

    • Iron cage

• Construction of Reality Society

  • Within Social Setting

    • Status

      • ascribed - given at birth

      • Achieved - a position you can earn

    • Role - accompany a status

      • Rights, duties, obligations, expectations

Research

• Interpretive Perspective - understanding social worlds from the POV of participants, leading to in-depth knowledge or understanding of the human experience

  • More descriptive/narrative to its findings

  • Explores the topic at hand

  • Learns through the process

• Critical Sociology

  • Deconstruction of existing sociological research and theory

  • Not purely objective

  • Critical sociologists view theories, methods, and conclusions as serving one or two purposes

    • Legitimize and rationalize systems of social power

    • Liberate humans from inequality and restrictions on human freedom

      • Not empirical

• Primary Data

  • Surveys, participant observation, ethnography, case study, unobtrusive observations, experiments

    • Survey - a collection of data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions. Collect both quantitative and qualitative data

      • Ex. US Census

        • Population - people who are the focus of a study

        • Sample - a manageable number of subjects who represent a larger population

        • Random Sample - every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study

        • closed-ended question - yes or no, multiple choice

        • Open-ended questions - short essay responses

          • Subjective

    • Field Research

      • Gathering primary data from a natural environment

    • Participant observation

      • Researchers join people and participate in a group's routine activities to observe them within the context.

    • Ethnography

      • Immersion of the researcher in the natural setting of an entire social community to observe and experience their everyday life and culture

        • How subjects view their own social standing and how they understand themselves in relation to a social group

      • Institutional Ethnography - focuses on everyday concrete social relationships

    • Case study 

      • an in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

    • Experiments

      • Investigating Relationships to test a hypothesis 

        • Lab experiments 

        • natural/field experiments

          • Hawthorne Effect - subjects know they are being researched and acting unnaturally

            • Unavoidable in some studies

• Secondary Data

  • Completed work from primary sources (other researchers or an agency )

    • Nonreactive research

      • It does not involve a direct contract with subjects and will not alter or influence people's behaviors

    • Content analysis

      • A systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as they relate to the study

        • No way to verify accuracy

• Data

  • Qualitative data - Numerical Data

  • Qualitative data - words

    • Harder to organize and tabulate

  • Interview - one-on-one conversation between researcher and subject: No right or wrong answers

    • Researchers need to avoid conversation-steering or else the results will be unreliable 

• Ethics

  • ASA maintains a code of ethics - guidelines for conducting sociological research

    • Consists of principles and  ethical standards to be used in the discipline

      • Maintain objectivity and integrity

      • Respect the subject's right to privacy

      • Protect subject from personal harm

      • Preserve confidentiality

      • Seek informed consent

      • Acknowledge collaboration and assistance

      • Disclose sources of financial support.

Groups and organizations

Nonsocial groups and collections

Social groups

Leadership

Deviance

• Functionalist Theories/orientations

  • Durkheim - anomie

    • Anomie - occurs when norms are changing

    • Social structure helps create deviance

  • American dream

    • Accumulation wealth

    • Economic success

    • To achieve a cultural dream - institutional means

      • Education, hard work, saving

        • Hold off on instant gratification

  • Merton - (Social) Strain theory

    • Deviant behavior occurs when there is conflict 

      • Conformity

        • Confirm by working harder

      • Innovation

        • When people 

      • Ritualism

        • Modest aspirations

          • Deviant because they give up economic success

      • Retreatism

      • Rebellion

  • The concepts of anomie and the American dream are limited

  • Theories don't explain different types of crimes

    • Especially in women

    • Different crime rates

  • Crime rates have decreased since 2000

  • Why do people commit crimes that are not tied to economic success

    • Communities with weak social ties and weak social control are more likely to have more crime

  • Poorer families are

• social DISORGANIZATION THEORY

  • Social environment influences behavior

    • Weaker social ties are more likely to encourage deviant behavior

• Conflict perspective

  • Why are some acts defined as deviant

  • Capitalism, social inequality, and deviance are interconnected

    • Deviance = any social behavior that affects their power?

      • Mass media

        • Owned by affluent

          • It does not focus on crimes committed by the wealthy

      • capitalist society

        • Ownership

          • Maximizing profit

          • Accumulating wealth

          • Grow your business

          • Promotes economic interest

Social Stratification

• Power

• Prestige

• Wealth

  • Wealth is everything that you own that supports your financial well-being

  • The value of money and assets a person has.

    • Income, a person's wages or investment dividends 

• Opportunity

  • The means by which we can exercise agency.

• Social stratification

  • Social categorization of its people into raking-ings based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power

    • Socioeconomic status - An individual placed within this stratification

  • Hierarchy

  • Estate

    • Closed system

      • Accommodate little change in social position that does not allow people to shift levels nor permit social relationships between levels. 

      • Caste

        • Systems where people can do little or nothing to change the social standing of their birth.

          • Determines all aspects of an individual’s life

        • Promote beliefs in fate, destiny, and the will of a higher power, rather than promoting individual freedom as a value. 

          • Ideology

            • Every culture has an ideology that supports its system of stratification

      • Endogamy

        • Mary someone within your “category”

      • No mobility

        • Ability to move social class

    • Open system

      • Based on achievement and allowing interaction between layers and classes

      • Social class

      • Exogamy

        • Union of spouses from different social categories

          • Focuses on love and compatibility

      • Mobility - the ability of individuals to change positions within a social stratification system

        • Vertical 

          • Up

            • Lower to higher socioeconomic class

          • Down

            • Higher to lower socioeconomic class

        • Horizontal

          • After opportunity

        • Structural

          • Societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down in social ladder

            • Affects society as a whole

        • Intergenerational

          • Different generations of a family belong to varying social classes

        • Intragenerational

          • Changes in a person's social mobility over a lifetime

    • Class System

      • Based on both social factors and individual achievement. It consists of a set of people who share similar status based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and occupation.

• Meritocracy

  • Hypothetical system in which social stratification is determined by personal effort and merit

    • No society has ever existed where social standing was based entirely on merit

      • Sociologists see aspects of meritocracies in modern societies when they study the role of academic and job performance and the systems in place for evaluating and rewarding achievement in these areas

• Status Consistency

  • Describes the consistency, or lack of,  in an individual's rank across the factors that determine social stratification within a lifetime

• Social Class in the US

  • Upper

    • Those whose income falls above twice the national median

      • Have power and control over their own lives and others

      • Top only for the powerful elite

        • Old Money - inherited wealth

          • High prestige

          • Lasted for generations

        • New Money - Earned wealth

          • Not as oriented with elite customs

          • Flaunts wealth

  • Middle

    • Those whose income falls between  ⅔ and twice the national median

    • Alot of pressure on middle class

      • Control over own lives

      • Work hard and live comfortably

      • Have access to wealth

      • Work to maintain

        • Lower Middle

          • Complete 2-year associate degree from a community or technical college

          • Complete a 4-year bachelor's degree

          • Jobs supervised by upper-middle

          • Struggle to maintain lifestyle

        • Upper Middle

          • Continue to postgraduate degree

  • Lower

    • Those whose income is ⅔ of the national median

      • Little control over work and home life

      • Less formal education

      • Smaller incomes

      • Jobs require less training or experience

        • Working class

          • Jobs are hands-on and physically demanding

        • Working poor

          • Unskilled, low-paying employment

          • Often seasonal or temporary

          • Limited education

        • Underclass 

          • Mainly in inner cities

          • unemployed/underemployed

          • Many rely on welfare systems

            • More stress

            • Poorer health

            • Regular crisis

• Class traits

  • Typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class

• Stratification of Socioeconomic Classes

  • Standard of Living

    • The level of wealth available acquires the material necessities and comforts to maintain a specific lifestyle. 

      • Based on factors such as income, employment, class, literacy rates, poverty rates, and housing affordability

        • Wealth is not evenly distributed in most countries

    • Feminization of Poverty

      • Women make up the majority of individuals in poverty across the globe

        • Lower standard of living

    • Absolute Poverty

      • Family or individual cannot afford basic necessities

    • Relative Poverty

      • Family or individuals have 50% income less than the average median income

• Global Stratification

  • Compares wealth, status, power, and economic stability of countries across the world

  • Models of Global Stratification

    • Rank countries according to their economic status

      • Often ranked by gross national product

      • Ranked by Gross domestic product

        • National wealth

  • First World

    • Industrialized Nation

  • Second World

    • Industrialized Nation

  • Third World

    • Undeveloped countries

• Social movement

  • Hard work

  • Education

  • Opportunity

• Functionalism

  • Davis + Moore

    • Inequality is inevitable and emerges from the social structure 

    • Serves as a social function

      • The poor serve as an example of what not to be

• Conflict Theory

  • Dahrendorf

    • Ideology

    • Inequality is systematically maintained by those trying to preserve their class advantage.

    • Class is multi-dimensional

      • Income

      • Wealth

      • Prestige

      • Power

    • Welfare bureaucracies represent important interest groups that influence the creation and implantation of welfare policies

• Interactionist Theory

  • Social class has a specific set of norms, values, and beliefs

  • Poverty is a learned phenomenon based on a culture of poverty that encourages and perpetuates poverty

  • The public perception of the welfare system and of welfare recipients is shaped by the media, political groups, and stereotypes

    • Great Society

    • War on Poverty

      • Rural poverty in the US

• Symbolic Interactionism

• Deserving poor

  • Out of your control

• Underserving poor

  • Self-inflicted 

• Fatalism

  • Life is predetermined

    • You're stuck where you are 

    • Element of fatalism in every religion

      • conservative

• Blaming the victim

Race and Ethnicity 

• Race

  •  superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant.

  • A grouping of mankind based on shared physical or social qualities that can vary from one society to another

    • Has changed across cultures and eras

    • Has become less connected with ancestral and family ties and more concerned with superficial characteristics 

  • Johan Fredrich Blunenbach (1752- 1840)

    • Introduced one of the most famous groupings by studying human skulls

    • Five races

      • Caucasian/White

        • People of European, Middle Eastern, and North African origin

      • Ethiopian/Black

        • Sub-Saharan Africans origin

      • Malayan/Brown

        • Southeast Asian and Pacific Islander

      • Mongolian/Yellow

        • People of all East Asian and Central Asian origin

      • American/Red

        • North American or American Indian

          • Social construct of race is a more accepted understanding

• Ethnicity

  • Shared culture

    • Practices, norms, values, and beliefs

      • language , religion, and traditions

    • Individuals may be identified or self-identify with ethnicities in complex

•  minority groups

  • groups that are subordinate or lack power in society regardless of skin color or country of origin

    • Subordinate group

      • Minority

    • Dominant group

      • Majority/group that has the most power and privilege in a given society

        • You can be the numerical majority but considered a minority due to lack of power

      • Charles Wagley and Marvin Harris (1958) - characteristics of a minority group

        • Unequal treatment and less power over their lives

        • Distinguishing cultural traits

          • Skin color or language

        • Involentary membership

        • Awarness of subordination

        • High rat eof in-group marriage

  • Scapegoat theory (Dollards 1939 Frustration aggression Therory)

    • Dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

• Prejudice

  • The beliefs, thoughts, feelings and attitudes someome holds about a group

    • Not based on personal experience

    • Originates from outside experience

      • Taugjht not learned

  • Culture of prejudice

    • Prejudice is embedded in our culture

• Stereotypes

  • Oversimplified generalization about groups of people

    • Based on race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation…

    • May be positive but are often negative

    • Does not take individual differences into account

  • New stereotypes are rarely created

    • recycled

• Robert Merton

  • Behavior: does the person discriminate?

• Discrimination

  • Actions against a group of people based on race, ethnicity, age, religion, health, etc.

    • Manifests in different ways

  • Institutional discrimination 

    • promotion of a groups status in the case of privilege

      • Benefits dominant group

  • White privilege

    • Societal privilege that benefits white people

  • Gordon Allport: categories of discrimination

    • Organized from least energetic to most energetic

      • Verbal Rejection

        • Using derogatory nouns

          • Jokes 

      • Avoidance

        • Avoid interacting with people in particular groups

      • Active Discrimination

        • Not allowing certain groups of people to use certain facilities

          • Schools

      • Physical Attacks

        • Using violence or the threat of violence against members of a particular group or their property.

      • Extermination

        • EX: Lynching, massacres, genocide

  • Individual discrimination

    • Person vs person

  • Institutional discrimination

    • Denial of equal opportunities and rights to a particular group

  • “Isms”

    • Applied to acts of discrimination that occur at the institutional level or when they exist at the individual level and are backed by institutions.

      • Rac-ism

      • Sex-ism

      • Age-ism

  • Racism

    • Stronger type of prejudice and discrimiation used to justify inequalites against individuals by maintaining that oe racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others

      • Disadvantages minority groups

    • Indidiua racism

      • Between individuals

    • Systemic racism

      • Systems and structures that have procedures and processes that disadvantage racial minority groups

        • Occurs in organizations as discriminatory treatments and unfair policies beased of race

    •  Racial profiling

      • Singling out minorities for different treatment

        • Harsher treatment

    • Historical racism

      • Economic inequality caused by past racism

    • Cultural Racism

      • Assuption of the inferiority of one or more races is built into the culture of a society

    • Colorism

      • One type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

    • Color-Avoidence Racism

      • Avoidance of racial language by European-Americans that ignores the fact that racism continues to be an issue.

  • Anti-racism

    • Racial steering - real estate against direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain m=neighborhoods based on their race

    • Racist attitudes are often more insidious and harder to pin down than specific racist practices

    • Becoming an anti-racist

      • Understand and own the racist ideas in which we have been socialized and the racist policies, practices, and procedures and replace them with antiracist policies, practices, and procedures

      • Identify racist policies, practices, and procedures and replace them with antiracist policies, practices, and procedures

    • Cannot erase racism

      • Embedded in our complex reality

• Intergroup relations range along a spectrum between tolerance and intolerance

• Pluralism

  • Represented by the ideal of the united states and a “Salad Bowl”- a mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and adds the flavor of the whole

  • Characterized by mutual respect by both the dominant and subordinate groups. 

    • Difficult goal to reach

• Assimilation

  • The process by which a minority individual group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture

  • May lead to the loss of a minority group's cultural identity as they become absorbed into the dominant culture

    • Minimal impact on majority group

  • Some groups only keep symbolic gestures of their origin

  • Antithetical to the salad bowl created by pluralism

    • When faced with racial and ethnic discrimination, it can be difficult to assimilate fully.

      • Language assimilation is a formidable barrier

        • Limits employment  adn education options

          • Contrarian socioeconomic growth

• Amalgamation

  • Minority and majority groups combine to form a new group

    • Melting pot

  • Achieved throupp intermarage between races

• Genocide

  • Th edeliberate annihlation of a targeted (minority) group

    • Most toxic intergroup relationship

      • Still practied in 21st century

• Expulsion

  • Minority group benign forced by a dominant group to leave a certain area or country

    • Trail of tears

  • Often occurs historically with an ethnic or racial basis

• Segregation

  • The physical separation of two groups

    • In residence, workplace and social functions

  • De jure segregation 

    • Enforced by law

  • De facto segregation

    • Without law, due to other factors

    • Cannot be abolished by court mandate

• Native Americans

  • Indigionous peoples

    • Only nonimmigrant group in the United Staates

  • Intergroup relations

    • Culture prior is referred to as pre-columbial (pre christopher columbus)

    • Discrimination against natives was codified and formalized in a series of laws intended to subjjugate them and keep them from gaining any power

      • Indian removal act of 1830 - forced the relocation of any native tribe east of teh mississippi river to the west

      • Indian Appropiation acts - funded removals and declared no indian tribe could be recognized as an independent nation

      • Dawes Act of 1887 - forced natives onto individual properrties that were intermingles with white settlers

  • Current status

    • Eradication continued untillt eh 1960s

    • Indian civil rights act of 1968 - guaranteed indian tribes most of the rights if the united states BOR.

• African Americans

  • Many people with dark skin may have their more recent roots in europe or the caribbean, seeing themselves aas dominican American or dutch American

  • How and Why They Came

    • Ancestors did not come by choice

• Asian Americans

  • Great diversity of cultures and backgrounds

  • How and Why They Came

    • National and ethic diversity of Asian American immigration history is reflected in the variety of their experiences in joining US society

      • Chinese Immigrants - First in the Mid-nineteenth Century

        • Primarily men whose intention was ot work for several years to support their families in china

      • Japanese - 1880s

      • Korean and Veitnam - second half of 20th century

        • Most recent

  • Intergroup relations

    • Chinese immigration came to an abrupt end with the chinese exclusion act of 1882

      •  Result of anti-chinese sentiment burgerond by a depressed economy and loss of jobs

  • Current status

    • Model Minority stereotype

      • Creates unrealistic expectations by putting a stigma on members of this group that do not meet the expectations

• White Americans

  • Dominant group in the united states

  • Why They Came

    • White ethnic eupeans formed the second and third waves of immigration form the early 19th century to the min 20th century

      • Most immigrants were searching fro a betther life

        • Experiences were not the same

      • Germans 

        • Came for economic opportunity adn to escape political unrest

      • Irish

        • To esacpe the potato famine of 1845

  • Intergroup relations

    • Germsn immigrants were not victimized to the same degree as other minority groups

    • Irish immigrants were more underclass than the germans

    • Italian immigrants were seen as the dregs of eurpoe

      • Worried about eh purity of the american race

      • Lived in th slums in northeastern cities and in some cases were even victims of violece and lynching

        • Simialr to african americans

  • Current status

    • More Irish american in the US than ther are Irish in Ireland

    • Slowly achieved assimilation into the dominant group

• Hispanic Americans

  • Hispanic or  Latino - a person of cuban, mexican, perutorican, south/central american, or other spanish culture/origin

  • How and Why They Came

    • Mexican americans form the largest Hispanic Subgrouop and is the oldest

      • Migration to the US started in the early 1900s in respons e to the need for inexpensive agricultural labor

    • Cubans are the second largest hispanic subgroup 

  • Intergroup Relations

    • Douglas Massey (sociologist) - suggests that although the average standard of living than in mexico may be lower in the US is not so low as the fermented migration the goal of most mexicans

    • Cuban Americans have fared better

  • Current status

    • Mexican Americans, especially those who are undocumented are at  the center of a national debate about immigration

• Functionalist theory

  • Assimilation into a dominant culture preserves stability

  • Ethnic pluralism may also achieve stability

    • Problems arisse when ther is one or more racial or ethic groups experience inequalityies and discriminations

      • Creates conflict 

    • How racism contributes positively to the functioning society by streghtining the bonds between in group members

      • Increases solidarity

• Conflict/Feminist theory

  • Inequality is systematically maintained by those trying to preserve their advantage  position

  • Class divisions overlap with racial and ethnic divisions

  • Feminist scholars advocate a theoretical perspective that simultaneously considers the intersection of race, class, and gender

• Intersationism Theory

  • Race is a social construct

  • Racial and ethnic

    • Symbols of race and not race iteself lead ot racism

    • Prejudice is formed through interaction with members of the dominant group

      • Maintains the status quo

    • How people define their race and the race of others

• Intersection theory

  • Cannot sepraprat effects og race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes

• Sex + Gender

  • Sex - Assigned at birth

    • Male or female

  • Gender - how you present

    • Learned behavior

• Intersex

  • Individuals with no assigned sex at birth

• Gender Identity

  • The perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine

• Gender Expression

  • How you communicate gender to others

    • How you:

      • Dress

      • Walk

      • Talk 

    • Crossdress

  • Two spirit

    • Both masculine and feminine traits

• Sexism

  • Behavior that is discriminatory towards a specific sex (typically female)

• Heterosexism

  • The belief that heterosexuality is the only legitimate sexuality

• Occupational Segregation

  • Separation of jobs according to sex

    • Wage gap

    • Pink tax

• Intersectionality

  • Idea that we all have aspects of our personality and how others perceive us

    • Functionalist theory

      • Gender inequality is a functional necessity

      • A gendered division of labor and gender roles is needed to ensure the stability of society

    • Conflict/Feminist Theory

      • Women will remain their subordinate position as long as men maintain their social economic, and cultural advantage

      • Conflict theorists identify how woman's subordinate position is linked to their relationships to the means of production 

      • Feminist theorists refer to gender as a process a system of social practices that create and maintain gender distinctions and inequalities

    • Intersectionist theory

      • Social Values and meanings are expressed in our language. Our language reflects the privileged position granted to men

Globalization

• The inequality produced between societies

• Classifications

  • Post WWII

    • First

    • Second

    • Third

    • Fourth

  • World Systems

    • Peripheral

      • Agricultural society 

        • Land (and sea) based

• Semi-peripheral

• Core

• Social fact

  • Cant be seen