LESSON 1: ETHICAL GUIDELINES AND CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH

> ETHICS:

• morality of a human act (rightness or wrongness)

• provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research

• allows researchers and scholars to further educate themselves and monitor their activities in the conduct of research

• ensures a HIGH ETHICAL STANDARD

• is concerned with what is good for the people and society as a whole

• provides rules that govern the society as a whole

RESEARCH MUST:

• ensure that research subjects are not placed in harm’s way

• be reminded that they have moral obligation to provide maximum benefits to the participants

• be guided by ethical principles to maintain research integrity and avoid research misconduct

(ACCEPTABLE AND UNACCEPTABLE CONDUCTS OF RESEARCH are observed especially when humans and animals are involved)

(BEHAVING ETHICALLY is doing the right thing on the right time)

> ETHICAL PRINCIPLES THAT GUIDE RESEARCH:

• Honesty: don’t change existing information

• Objectivity: avoid bias

• Confidentiality: protect confidential info

• Competence: researchers should be experts

• Integrity: researchers should keep promises and honor agreements

• Legality: obey laws and government policies

• Maturity and Openness: researchers must willingly share data with others

• Respect for Intellectual Property: avoid copyright

• Responsible Publication: avoid duplicative or wasteful publication

• Non-Discriminations: treat others fairly and equally

• Human Rights Protection: respect human dignity

• Animal Care: respect animal rights

• Social Responsibility: strive to promote social good

LESSON 2: FORMULATING DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH TITLE

> IDENTIFYING RESEARCH PROBLEM: the first step in the research process

(PROBLEM is the gap in a bulk of knowledge)

• anything that makes a person uncomfortable

• conditions you want to improve

• difficulties to eliminate

• questions to answer

• gaps to fill in

• validate theories

(the process of seeking an accurate, valid, and reliable answer to the problem is what research is all about)

> STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS:

1. identifying problem

2. formulating research design/method

3. data gathering

4. coding and analyzing results

5. interpreting results

> CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH TOPIC:

• Interesting: attracts the attention of the investigator to study it further

• Relevant to the needs of the people: the work is for the people/society

• Innovative: restricting an old problem to make new

• Cost Effective: economical and effective (not expensive or costs less)

> GUIDELINES IN MAKING A RESEARCH TITLE:

• should have a subject matter (study problem)

• should be in PHRASE FORM, not sentence

• not longer than 15 words

• should be written in an inverted pyramid/triangle (long to short)

LESSON 3: WRITING CHAPTER 1

> PARTS OF CHAPTER 1

1. Introduction (overview)

2. Background of the study (more detailed overview)

3. Statement of the problem:

   • questions that researchers attempt to answer

   • problem’s clear purpose of doing the research paper

   • main purpose

   • Main problem: declarative

   • Sub problems: interrogative (investigate questions)

S pecific, M easurable, A ttainable, R elevant, T ime bounded

4. Research Hypothesis:

   • educated guess to answer statement of the problem

   • Null: denial of an attribute (H0)

   • Alternative: affirmation/significance of an attribute (H1)

(hypothesis statement is in CHAPTER 1, discussion of it is in CHAPTER 4)

(Null depends of statement of the problem, just the opposite of the statement of the problem)

5. Scope and Limitations:

   • Scope: coverage/parameters (where, when, who, how)

   • Limitations: boundaries beyond control/gaps

   (recommendation or answer to limitations is in CHAPTER 5)

6. Significance of the study: who will benefit from the study

LESSON 4: RESEARCH METHODS AND GAPS

• the procedure used in collecting and analyzing data.

> QUILITATIVE: descriptive/narrative (collected by focus group)

> QUANTITATIVE: numbers/data (collected by survey)

RESEARCH GAPS

• Knowledge gaps

• Conceptual gaps

• Methodological gaps

• Data gaps

• Practical gaps

LESSON 5: WRITING A DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH TITLE

• Qualitative and Quantitative research titles have different formats

> PARTS OF A RESEARCH TITLE:

• Independent Variable: the problem, main topic, cause, reason

• Dependent Variable: the result, effect, solution (SAMPLES)

• Local/Setting: the place

• Research Goal/Result: what you want to achieve

• Methodology: is optional, your methods

EXAMPLE OF A COMPLETE RESEARCH TITLE:

The Five Common Factors that Affect the Academic Performance of ABIS-SHS Students in the New Normal: A Qualitative Report

• IDEPENDENT(TOPIC) - Academic Performance of the Students

• DEPENDENT(SAMPLE) - SHS Students

• LOCAL/SETTING - ABIS

• RESEARCH GOAL/RESULT - Five Common Factors

• METHODOLOGY - Qualitative