Untitled Flashcards Set

1. How many cervical vertebrae are there in the human spine?

a) 5

b) 7

c) 12

d) 8

2. Which section of the vertebral column has the most vertebrae?

a) Cervical

b) Thoracic

c) Lumbar

d) Sacral

3. How many thoracic vertebrae are present in the vertebral column?

a) 7

b) 10

c) 12

d) 5

4. The lumbar region of the vertebral column consists of how many vertebrae?

a) 5

b) 7

c) 12

d) 4

5. Which section of the spine consists of fused vertebrae?

a) Cervical

b) Thoracic

c) Lumbar

d) Sacral

6. Which region of the spine is most commonly affected by herniated discs due to heavy load-bearing?

a) Cervical

b) Thoracic

c) Lumbar

d) Sacral

7. Why are whiplash injuries most common in the cervical vertebrae?

a) The cervical vertebrae bear the most body weight

b) They are the least mobile vertebrae

c) They have the highest range of motion and flexibility

d) They are fused together

8. Scoliosis most often affects which section of the spine?

a) Cervical

b) Thoracic

c) Lumbar

d) Sacral

9. What is the angle of the pubic arch in males compared to females?

a) Male: 80-90°, Female: 50-60°

b) Male: 60-70°, Female: 100-110°

c) Male: 50-60°, Female: 80-90°

d) Male: 70-80°, Female: 85-95°

10. What does Wolff’s Law state about bone remodeling?

a) Bone only grows in response to hormonal signals.

b) Bone adapts to the mechanical stress placed upon it.

c) Bone remains constant throughout life without changes.

d) Bone weakens with age regardless of activity levels.

11. According to Wolff’s Law, what happens to bone if mechanical stress increases?

a) Osteoblast activity decreases.

b) Osteoclast activity increases, causing bone resorption.

c) Bone becomes stronger and denser.

d) Bone remains the same regardless of stress.

12. Which of the following best describes the role of osteocytes in Wolff’s Law?

a) They act as bone sensors that detect mechanical strain.

b) They break down bone tissue to release calcium.

c) They primarily function in cartilage formation.

d) They only contribute to bone resorption.

13. What happens to astronauts’ bones in space due to the lack of mechanical loading?

a) Bone mass increases due to zero gravity.

b) Osteoclast activity decreases, strengthening bones.

c) Bones become weaker and less dense due to low stress.

d) Bone structure remains unchanged.

14. Which part of the bone is responsible for responding to mechanical stress and initiating remodeling?

a) Osteons

b) Canaliculi

c) Osteocytes

d) Trabeculae

15. What type of bone remodeling occurs in response to disuse or prolonged inactivity?

a) Increased osteoblast activity

b) Increased osteoclast activity leading to bone loss

c) Thickening of trabeculae in spongy bone

d) Formation of new Haversian canals

16. Which of the following exercises would most effectively stimulate bone growth according to Wolff’s Law?

a) Swimming

b) Weightlifting and running

c) Cycling

d) Yoga

17. How does Wolff’s Law explain differences in bone density between an athlete and a sedentary individual?

a) Both have the same bone density regardless of activity.

b) Athletes have denser bones due to repeated mechanical loading.

c) Sedentary individuals have stronger bones due to reduced strain.

d) Bone density is only determined by genetics, not activity.

18. What happens at the microscopic level when bones experience increased mechanical load?

a) Osteoclasts resorb bone to make room for new growth.

b) Osteocytes detect strain and signal osteoblasts to deposit new bone.

c) Bone matrix remains unchanged while cartilage thickens.

d) The periosteum completely dissolves.e) This dynamic process ensures a balance between bone resorption and formation, maintaining overall skeletal health.