vocab

Frontier closed-in 1890, the Census Bureau announced the end of the frontier, meaning there was no longer a discernible frontier line in the west, nor any large tracts of land yet unbroken by settlement.

Imperialism- the practice of a country expanding its power and influence over other countries

Spanish-American War- The Spanish–American War was fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba,

Philippine insurrection- The ensuing Philippine Insurrection or Philippine-American War lasted about three years. The conflict took the lives of more than 4,200 U.S. service members and about 20,000 Filipino combatants.

anti-imperialist-someone who opposes the idea of one country ruling or having a lot of power or influence over another country

Pluralistic- American pluralism is the coexistence of multiple distinct cultural, ethnic, and social groups within the United States, each contributing to the nation's identity while maintaining their unique characteristics.

Progressive Era-The Progressive Movement and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1890-1920s. The Progressive movement was a turn-of-the-century political movement interested in furthering social and political reform

Journalists- successfully exposed America's problems brought on by rapid industrialization and growth of cities.(Progressive Era)

Progressive Amendments/ Constitution Populists - group of constitutional amendments, primarily including the 16th (income tax), 17th (direct election of senators), 18th (prohibition), and 19th (women's suffrage), which were passed during the Progressive Era and aimed to address issues like economic inequality and political corruption, while "populists" were a political movement, mainly consisting of farmers, who advocated for similar reforms like direct election of senators and government regulation of railroads, often considered a precursor to the Progressive movement, but with a more radical approach and focus on rural issues.

National Parks - Yellowstone, Forest Preserves, etc.

Preservationists- preservationists were people who worked to protect natural resources and landscapes from industrialization and exploitation

Conservationists- The Conservationist Goal refers to the movement aimed at preserving natural resources and protecting the environment from exploitation and degradation.

Quotas (immigration) - numerical limits placed on the number of individuals allowed to enter a country, particularly concerning immigration.

Great Migration- Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s

Neutrality- The policy of not taking sides in conflicts or wars between other nations, emphasizing the importance of avoiding entanglement in foreign affairs.

Modernization- A cultural movement during the early 1900's, people went against traditional ideals, promoted technology and the forms of expression that were different and unique to the current time.

Woodrow Wilson- Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party,

World War I-World War I or the First World War, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Central Powers.

Tradition v. innovation- Tradition v. innovation. despite the new types of technology, many people still wanted to stay in the same state. urban v. rural.

American Expeditionary Force- American Expeditionary Force was the first American ground troops to reach the European front. Commanded by Pershing, they began arriving in France. (Mostly African American)

Urban v. rural- city dwellers tended to embrace the cultural changes of the era, whereas those who lived in rural towns clung to traditional norms.

Treaty of Versailles-The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.

Red Scare - A Red Scare is a form of moral panic provoked by fear of the rise, supposed or real, of left-wing ideologies in a society, especially communism and socialism.

Xenophobia- Xenophobia is the fear or dislike of anything that is perceived as being foreign or strange.

Strikes- The years following the end of World War I were a period of deep social tensions, aggravated by high wartime inflation.

Fundamentalist Christianity v. scientific modernism - Two broad factions within Protestantism emerged: fundamentalists, who insisted upon the timeless validity of each doctrine of Christian orthodoxy; and modernists, who advocated a conscious adaptation of the Christian faith in response to the new scientific discoveries and moral pressures of the age.

Harlem Renaissance- The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of African-American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics and scholarship

Management v. labor - Management is the coordination and administration of tasks to achieve a goal. Labor is work.

League of Nations - The League of Nations was President Wilson's fourteenth point in his plan for a "peace without victory." He proposed the League as an international peacekeeping organization,

Native born v. immigrants -  Native born- people born in the country, immigrants- people born out of the country who move into a country.

Idealism v. disillusionment- idealism= the practice of forming or pursuing ideals in human rights, democracy, freedom; disillusionment= to destroy the ideals, illusions, or false ideas of;

Business cycle - The fluctuating levels of economic activity in an economy over a period of time measured from the beginning of one recession to the beginning of the next.

Great Depression - The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939.

Progressive Reform - Progressives were interested in establishing a more transparent and accountable government which would work to improve U.S. society. These reformers favored such policies as civil service reform, food safety laws, and increased political rights for women and U.S. workers.

Welfare state - A welfare state is a form of government in which the state protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens.

Liberalism - Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, the right to private property and equality before the law.

FDR - 32nd president of the USA.

New Deal - Financial reforms and regulation, domestic programs, and more to fix America's economy and society. Was created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1938.

Relief, recovery, reform - Programs of the new deal.

Supreme Court Limits on New Deal African- Judicial restrictions on New Deal legislation

American political realignment - Shift in voting patterns among African Americans.

Conservatives - Wanted to stay away from the war effort and opposed going to war.

Interventionists v. isolationists - Interventionists called for active war against the axis powers while isolationists called to stay away from foreign affairs.( Debate over U.S involvement in foreign conflicts)

World War II - The second world war

White v. black - Blacks still had inferior rights to whites. We're starting to protest to make changes.

Pearl Harbor -An attack on an american military base by the japanese. Took place December 7,1941.

Atomic bombs/ weapons - Bombs that make a really big boom caused by atoms being split or joined.

Axis Powers - Germany, Italy, and Japan

Allied Powers - Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union

Civil liberties - Liberties and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution.

D-Day Invasion - The largest seaborne invasion to date, located on Normandy beach, allied 

forces moved into Europe on June 6, 1944 to engage in war with the axis powers.

Holocaust - The genocide in Europe where Nazi’s and there allies killed 6 million Jews during WW2.

Island Hopping -The strategy of capturing some islands and going around others. The United States used an island-hopping campaign on Japanese-held islands in order to invade Japan. Ivo Jima & Okinawa.(taking over islands to get to others).

Nazi Concentration Camps - Those that opposed Nazi rules or were disliked by the Nazi’s were sent to these camps to be imprisoned and work. Many were also killed in these camps due to inhumane practices.

Japanese internment - Forced relocation and incarceration of people of Japanese descent in USA during WW2.