4.6B and 4.7 Slides- End of Unit 4

Page 1: Conflict

• Definition of Conflict: Perceived as an incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

  • Approach-approach conflict: Choosing between two desirable outcomes.

  • Avoidance-avoidance conflict: Choosing between two unattractive outcomes.

  • Approach-avoidance conflict: One goal/event has both attractive and unattractive features.

  • Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts: Choosing between two or more options, each with both desirable and undesirable features.

Page 2: Physiology of Hunger

• Physiological Factors Inducing Hunger: Hunger is a crucial motivational driver related to survival.

  • Hormonal Regulation:

    • Ghrelin: Stimulates stomach contractions to promote hunger.

    • Leptin: Produced by fat cells to suppress hunger.

  • Brain Regulation:

    • Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis and controls the pituitary gland.

    • Pituitary Gland: Controls endocrine glands, influencing hunger.

Page 3: Theories of Hunger

• Stomach Contractions Theory:

  • A.L. Washburn's experiment with a balloon showed that stomach contractions correspond with feelings of hunger.

• Glucose Theory:

  • The body monitors blood sugar levels. Low glucose triggers hunger as the brain receives signals from the stomach, intestines, and liver.

• Set Point Theory:

  • Each individual has a stable weight (set point) influenced by hereditary factors. This explains difficulties in weight change, as the body resists deviations from its set point.

Page 4: The Minnesota Starvation Experiment

• Experiment Overview: Ancel Keys and team studied the effects of semi-starvation on 200 men.

  • Normal feeding for 3 months followed by halved intake for 36 men.

  • Results: Reduced energy, listlessness, body weight stabilized 25% below original weight.

  • Psychological Effects: Men became obsessed with food, illustrating how powerful motivations can dominate behavior (consistent with Maslow's hierarchy of needs).

Page 5: Psychology of Hunger

• Physiological and Environmental Factors Influencing Hunger:

  • Taste Preferences: Carbs boost serotonin; climate influences food spiciness.

  • Culture: Different cultures have varied food perceptions (e.g., guinea pigs, caviar).

  • Arousal: Being engrossed in activities (e.g., movies) may lead to increased food consumption.

  • Presence of Others: Eating more in social situations.

  • Serving Size & Selection: Buffets encourage overeating by providing too many options.

Page 6: Biological and Psychological Influences on Eating

• Biological Influences:

  • Hypothalamic centers regulate appetite; hormones affect hunger signals.

  • Weight set/settling point influences eating behaviors; attraction to sweet/salty tastes.

• Psychological Influences:

  • Visual and olfactory food stimuli, variety, mood, and stress impact eating.

Page 11: Emotion

• Definition of Emotion: Involves physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences.

  • Emotions support survival, focus attention, and energize actions in stressful situations.

Page 12: Universal Emotions

• Identified Basic Emotions: Joy, anger, interest, disgust, surprise, sadness, and fear.

  • Standard facial expressions are recognized across cultures; other proposed emotions include love and guilt.

Page 14: Emotional Expression

• Cultural Variability: Gestures vary by culture, while facial expressions (e.g., happiness, fear) are universally recognized.

  • Facial Feedback Effect: Facial expressions can trigger emotional responses and influence others’ expressions.

  • Broaden-and-Build Theory: Positive emotions enhance psychological, social, cognitive, and physical resources, improving coping and resilience.