cases

Martin v State (1944): Conviction overturned; involuntary appearance in public negates actus reus.

OLG Hamm (1976): Instinctive reactions can be voluntary acts if foreseeable.

State v Tippet (2002): Prior fault negates automatism if the risk was foreseeable.

People v. Decina (1956): Driving with a known medical condition is negligence, not involuntary.

OLG Zweibrücken (1982): Drug possession requires intent and control, not just proximity.

State v. Miranda (1998): Omission liability for assault if a duty to act exists.

Merging fires/swimmer drowning: The “but for” test struggles with multiple causes.

Paul in the desert: Further illustrates “but for” causation issues.

Leather Strap Case (1955): Accepting a risk of death proves conditional intent (dolus eventualis).

People v. Baker (2004): Negligence does not equal depraved indifference murder.

People v Lehnert (2007): A “substantial step” proves attempt liability.

Bärwurz Case (1997): No attempted murder without direct endangerment.

Pinkerton v US (1946): Conspirators are liable for foreseeable acts of co-conspirators.

Landser Case (2005): Criminal organizations require structure and control, not just a conspiracy.

Engel v Netherlands (1976): Criminal offense status depends on nature and penalty, not just legal classification.

Chicago v Morales (1999): Vague laws violate legality by failing to define prohibited conduct.

“Dance of the Devils” (1992): Laws can be broad but must allow judicial interpretation.

BVerfGE 83 (2008): No analogy in criminal law; strict interpretation required.

C.R. v UK (1995): Evolution of law can be foreseeable and legal.

Rogers v. Tennessee (2001): Ex Post Facto Clause doesn’t apply to judicial rule changes.

US v King (1976): US law applies extraterritorially via the territoriality/nationality principle.

US v Rodriguez (1960): Extraterritoriality justified by national security concerns.

Töben Case (2000): Holocaust denial online prosecuted in Germany via territoriality/protective principle.

Gregg v Georgia (1976): Death penalty constitutional if applied fairly.

Furman v. Georgia (1972): Arbitrary death penalty application unconstitutional.

Coker v Georgia (1977): Death penalty disproportionate for non-homicide rape.

Kennedy v. Louisiana (2008): Death penalty unconstitutional for child rape if no death.

Thompson (1988)/Roper (2005): No death penalty for juveniles.

Graham v Florida (2010): No life without parole (LWOP) for juveniles in non-homicide cases.

Miller v Alabama (2012): No mandatory LWOP for juveniles; must consider mitigating factors.

Atkins v. Virginia (2003): Death penalty unconstitutional for intellectually disabled.

A. v Norway (2018): Prison conditions must respect fundamental rights.

People v. Kibbe (1974): Foreseeability establishes causation in homicide.

Leather Spray Case (1990): Failure to recall dangerous products establishes liability.