Texas GOVT 2306

Political Culture of Texas

• Post-Reconstruction

  • Political Consequences:

    • 1876 Constitution: This constitution established the framework for Texas government post-Civil War and emphasized limited government and individual rights.

    • One-party Dominance: The state was historically dominated by the Democratic Party following Reconstruction, shaping policy and political culture.

  • Economic Activity: The economy of Texas has evolved, influencing its political landscape and leading to diverse political interests.

Purpose of Government

• Purpose of a Constitutional Government: To establish the rule of law and protect individual rights.

• Checks and Balances: A system ensuring that no single branch of government exceeds its authority, promoting accountability.

• Separation of Powers: Dividing government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent abuse of power.

• Limited Government: A governing principle that restricts governmental powers to protect individual liberties.

Federalism

• Supremacy Clause: Establishes that the U.S. Constitution and federal laws take precedence over state laws.

• 10th Amendment: Grants states powers not specifically delegated to the federal government, allowing for state authority in many areas.

• Dual Federalism: Distinct separation of state and federal powers, often referred to as ‘layer cake’ federalism.

• Cooperative Federalism: Relationship where state and federal governments work together on policy initiatives, often described as ‘marble cake’ federalism.

Political Party

• Purpose: To organize voters and support candidates for public office.

• Role in Election: Political parties play a crucial role in structuring elections and mobilizing support.

• Political Socialization: The process through which individuals acquire their political beliefs, often influenced by party affiliation.

• Political Polarization: Increasing ideological differences between political parties, leading to more divided electorates.

Elections

• Requirements to Vote: Must be a U.S. citizen, a resident of Texas, and at least 18 years old.

• Role in Holding Elected Officials Accountable: Elections provide a mechanism for voters to assess and influence governmental performance.

• Primary Election: An election to determine a party’s candidate for the general election.

• General Election: The main election where candidates run for office.

• Special Election: Elections held to fill vacancies or decide specific issues.

Interest Groups

• Purpose: To influence legislation and public policy in favor of their interests.

Branches of Texas Government

• Legislature:

  • Purpose: To create laws.

  • Structure-Bicameral Legislature: Comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

  • Functions: Includes passing bills into law, and the impeachment of officials.

• Executive:

  • Plural Executive: Power is divided among several elected officials instead of one singular governor.

  • Legislative Powers: The governor can influence legislation through vetoes and appointing officials.

• Judiciary:

  • Purpose, Structure, Selection: Interprets laws and provides justice; includes various levels from local courts to the Texas Supreme Court.

  • Organization of Courts: Includes the Texas Supreme Court, Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, District Courts, Municipal Courts, and Specialty Courts.

Criminal Justice

• Types of Crimes: Defines the scope of criminal law and associated penalties.

• Path of Prosecution: The legal process that begins with charges and can include pre-trial and trial phases.

• Factors in Prosecution: Elements influencing the decision to prosecute, such as evidence and legal standards.

• Impact of Plea Bargaining and Diversion: Indicates how negotiations can affect case outcomes and reduce court congestion.

County Government

• Purpose: To provide local services and governance based on the needs of the residents.

• Roles of Elected Officials: Various officials carry out responsibilities for maintaining order and service delivery.

• Preemption: State law can override local ordinances.

Municipal Government

• Types:

  • General Law: Cities governed by state laws only.

  • Home-Rule: Cities that can create their own charters and govern themselves within state laws.

Special Purpose Districts

• Types:

  • School Districts: Local agencies responsible for public education.

  • Non-School Districts: Includes various districts such as utility districts, providing specific services.

• Revenue Sources: Funding methods for special districts, often including property taxes and fees.

10th amendment

supremacy clause