Anatomy: Anatomical Terms, Planes, and Movements 𐙚

ANATOMICAL POSITION

• standing upright

• facing forward

• each arm hanging on either side

• palms facing forward

• legs are parallel

• feet flat

PLANES & AXES

• Frontal (Coronal Plane) - Sagittal Axis

• Sagittal Plane - Frontal (Coronal) Axis

  • Medial Plane - through midline

  • Parasagittal Plane - off-center

• Transverse (Horizontal, Axial) Plane - Longitudinal (Vertical) Axis

Movement occurs IN the PLANE, ABOUT the AXES

ANATOMICAL TERMS

• Medial - TOWARDS midline

• Lateral - AWAY from midline

• Proximal - TOWARDS centre

• Distal - AWAY from body

• Superior (cranial/rostral) - Above, towards cranium

• Inferior (caudal) - Below, towards tail

• Posterior (ventral) - front, belly

• Anterior (dorsal) - back

Other Important Terms:

• Superficial vs Deep

• Central vs Peripheral

• Bilateral (both sides) vs Unilateral (one side)

• Ipsilateral (on same side) vs Contralateral (on opposite sides)

• Palmar (palm side) vs Dorsal (back of hand)

• Plantar (bottom of foot) vs Dorsal

ANATOMICAL CAVITIES

CAVITIES: spaces w/i body bound by important landmark structures + contain vital organs

1. Cranial Cavity (brain)

2. Thoracis Cavity (above diaphragm)

3. Abdominopelvic Cavity

   • Abdominal Cavity

   • Pelvic Cavity (above hips)

REGIONS OF THE ABDOMEN

COSTAL MARGIN - 4 Quadrants

• Upper Right

• Lower Right

• Upper Left

• Lower Left

9 QUADRANTS

• Vertical: 2 Midclavicular Lines

• Horizontal:

  • Upper Subcostal (transpyloric) Line

  • Lower Transtubercular Line

• Right & Left Hypochondriac (relative to cartilage) Region

• Epigastric Region

• Right and Left Lumbar (based on back) Region

• Umbilical Region

• Right and Left Inguinal (ligaments) Region

• Pubic Region

REGIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

• Deltoid Region - Shoulder

• Axillary Region - Armpit

• Arm (Bracium)

• Elbow (Cubital fossa)

• Forearm

• Carpal Region

• Hand: Palmar + Dorsal

• Scapular Region —> In the Posterior View

REGIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

• Gluteal Region - Hip

• Thigh (Popliteal fossa)

• Knee

• Leg (Ankle)

• Foot

  • Dorsal

  • Plantar

FRONTAL PLANE MOVEMENTS

**All movements in the frontal plane occur about the sagittal axis**

• Lateral Flexion - Moving body side to side

• Abduction - Moving away from midline of the body

• Adduction - Moving towards midline of the body

• Eversion - Moving outwards

• Inversion - Moving inwards

Hand

• Abduction - Radial Deviation

• Adduction - Ulnar Deviation

Fingers

• Abduction - movement away from midline of hand

• Adduction - movement towards midline of hand

SAGITTAL PLANE MOVEMENTS

**all movements in the sagital plane occur about the frontal axis**

• Extension - Increasing a specific angle

• Flexion - Shrinking a specific angle

Foot

• Dorsiflexion

• Plantarflexion - tippy toes

Toes

• Flexion - curl toes inwards

• Extension

TRANVERSE PLANE MOVEMENTS

**All movements in the transverse plane occur about the longitudinal axis**

• Rotation

  • Medial - towards midline

  • Lateral - away from midline

Plantar View of Foot (opp to hands?)

• Abduction - outwards

• Adduction - inwards

• Protraction - extend?

• Retraction

Hand

• Supination - palm

• Pronation - back of hand

COMPLEX & COMPOUND MOVEMENTS

Compound Motion

• using several muscle groups collaboratively to produce movement

Circumduction - Combination of movements