Spanish 1 Exam 5 Review

Spanish 1 Review Sheet Ser vs. Estar Both verbs mean "to be" in English but are used in different situations. SER (permanent/inherent characteristics) Acronym = D.O.C.T.O.R. Used for: - Description: Ella es alta. (She is tall.) - Occupation: Ella es de México. (She is from Mexico.) - Characteristics: El chico es amable. (The boy is nice.) - Time: Son las tres. (It is three o'clock.) - Origin/Ownership: Yo soy de Bolivia. (I am from Bolivia). / El libro es de Juan. (The book belongs to Juan.) - Relations: Pedro es mi padre. (Pedro is my father.) ESTAR (temporary states/locations) Acronym = P.L.A.C.E. Used for: - Place: Estoy arriba. (I am upstairs.) - Location: Estoy en la escuela. (I am at school.) - Condition/emotion: Estamos cansados. (We are tired.) - Ongoing actions: Están estudiando. (They are studying.) - Emotions: Mi amigo está trsite. (My friend is sad.) | Pronoun | Ser | Estar | |---------|-----|-------| | yo | soy | estoy | | tú | eres | estás | | él/ella/usted | es | está | | nosotros/as | somos | estamos | | vosotros/as | sois | estáis | | ellos/ellas/ustedes | son | están | La Hora (Telling Time) ### Basic Structure - ¿Qué hora es? = What time is it? - Es la una. = It's one o'clock. - Son las + [number]. = It's + [number] o'clock. ### Minutes - Son las dos y cinco. = It's 2:05. - Son las tres y quince. / Son las tres y cuarto. = It's 3:15. / It's quarter past three. - Son las cuatro y treinta. / Son las cuatro y media. = It's 4:30. / It's half past four. - Son las cinco y cuarenta y cinco. / Son las seis menos cuarto. = It's 5:45. / It's quarter to six. ### Time-Related Questions - ¿A qué hora...? = At what time...? - ¿A qué hora empieza la clase? = What time does class start? Expresiones de Frecuencia (Frequency Expressions) - siempre = always - casi siempre = almost always - normalmente/generalmente = normally/generally - a menudo = often - frecuentemente = frequently - a veces = sometimes - de vez en cuando = from time to time - raramente/rara vez = rarely - casi nunca = almost never - nunca = never - todos los días = every day ### Placement in sentences Frequency expressions usually go: 1. Before conjugated verbs: Siempre estudio español. (I always study Spanish.) 2. Between auxiliary verbs and participles: He siempre estudiado español. (I have always studied Spanish.) 3. At the beginning or end of sentences for emphasis: A veces, voy al cine. / Voy al cine, a veces. (Sometimes, I go to the movies. / I go to the movies, sometimes.) Verbos con cambio de raíz e→i (E→I Stem-Changing Verbs) These verbs change their stem vowel from e to i in all forms EXCEPT nosotros and vosotros. ### Common E→I Stem-Changing Verbs - pedir (to ask for/to order) - servir (to serve) - repetir (to repeat) - seguir (to follow/to continue) - vestir(se) (to dress/to wear) ### Conjugation Pattern for pedir (to ask for/to order) | Pronoun | Conjugation | Change | |---------|-------------|--------| | yo | pido | e→i | | tú | pides | e→i | | él/ella/usted | pide | e→i | | nosotros/as | pedimos | NO CHANGE | | vosotros/as | pedís | NO CHANGE | | ellos/ellas/ustedes | piden | e→i | ### Conjugation Pattern for servir (to serve) | Pronoun | Conjugation | Change | |---------|-------------|--------| | yo | sirvo | e→i | | tú | sirves | e→i | | él/ella/usted | sirve | e→i | | nosotros/as | servimos | NO CHANGE | | vosotros/as | servís | NO CHANGE | | ellos/ellas/ustedes | sirven | e→i | ### Conjugation Pattern for repetir (to repeat) | Pronoun | Conjugation | Change | |---------|-------------|--------| | yo | repito | e→i | | tú | repites | e→i | | él/ella/usted | repite | e→i | | nosotros/as | repetimos | NO CHANGE | | vosotros/as | repetis | NO CHANGE | | ellos/ellas/ustedes | repiten | e→i |