Chapter 3 - Cell Process

Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space

Energy: anything that brings about change

• hold together or break apart matter

  • solid, liquid, gas → atoms

  • nucleus →Neutrons and protons (+)

    • Electrons on the outside (-)

                → involved chemical reactions 

Element: made up of only 1 kind of atom

   → all living things are made up of 6 elements 

• sulfur nitrogen

• phosphorous carbon

• oxogyn hydrogenn

  - compounds: 2 or more elements combined in exact proportions

    H2O 

  2 hydrogen

1 oxygen

                    NaCI

                      1 sodium 

                1 chloride  

• different properties from the elements they are made of

  • molecular & Ionic

    → molecules are the smallest part of the molecular compound

    • Atoms can be positively or negatively charged

      ( when an atom is positively or negatively charged when they combine it is called an ion)

      • ion: positive or negatively charged

      Ex: NaCI Na +1 CI -1

      • ionic compound

  • Mixtures: a combination of substances in which individual substances will retain their properties

    EX: Fruit salad

    • cytoplasm

    SUSPENSION

  suspension: when a liquid or a gas has another substance evenly spread throughout it

  • blood cells

    The difference between a suspension and a solution is eventually in a suspension the substances sink to the bottom

    ORGANIC

  • organic: carbon & hydrogen so anything with carbon and hydrogen even if other things are in it

    • Carbohydrates

    • lipids

    • proteins

    • nucleic acids

1. Carbohydrates

• supply energy

• sugar

2. Lipids

- do not mix w/ H2o

- fats or oils

- energy

3. Proteins

- made up of smaller molecules called amino acids

- building blocks

4. Nucleic Acid

- store coded info

EX: DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

- genetic material 

RNA - ribonucleic acid

Enzyme: regulations of chemical reactions

INORGANICS: Doesn’t have carbon or hydrogen

- H2o

(MORE THAN 50% OF ALL LIVING THINGS!!)

• Temperature

  • molecules attracted to each other

  • basically an insulator

Moving Cellular Material

• cells get everything from the environment

  • H2o

  • energy

  • oxygen

  • food

Cell membrane: selectively permeable

How do things move through the cell membrane?

1) size 

2) path 

3)  Energy 

Passive Transport: no energy is required

1. diffusion: random movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

• equilibrium: molecules are in relatively equal #'s

  • ex: Oxygen

2. Osmosis

• diffusion of h2o

  • cells contain h2o

  • also surrounded by h2o

    • Plant cell: cell:

      it will start to wilt and die if u don’t water I because the cell membrane will start to pull away from the cell wall

animal cells → no cell wall

burst if it has lack water or gives it tooooooooo much water

Energy

• Enzymes

  • allow chemical reactions to occur

    (without the right enzyme = no reaction)

• food → chemical energy

  • cells change energy into forms they can use

• Chemical reactions

  • total of all reactions: metabolism

• Living things: producers or consumers

                               make food         consume producers

Plants → convert light energy into chemical energy

→Chlorophyll: Green pigment

• light energy → sugar and oxygen photosynthesis

  Respiration:

• co2 + H2o → sugar and oxegyn

  • break down your food into smaller molecules

    • Carbohydrates (starches) → glucose (sugar) energy

• Respiration → oxygen

  • Fermentation

    • breaks down into glucose & energy

      - no oxygen

      - lactic acid

      - alcohol & co2

    • Bacteria carry out fermentation to make

      • yogurt

    - cheese

• Yeast - one-celled organism

  • fermentation breakdown sugar in bread dough

    • alcohol & Co2

• Photosynthesis, preparation & Fermentation are related

Cell Division

cells come from cells

→ divide into 2: 1 new cell and one old cell

repair, growth, reproduction

yeast → reproduces by cell division growth structures → strawberry plants

• carry out regular functions

  Cell Division

  • the cell grows & doubles its content

    • interphase

    • divide its contents

Mitosis

• cytoplasm divides

  • cytokinesis

  • prophase - DNA condense

  • Metaphase - chromosomes line up in the middle

  • Anaphase - separate to the middle

    Interphase

  • copied DNA (chromosomes)

    replication

Animal cell - pinch cell membrane, divide into 2

plant cell-cell plate