AP World - Unit 3

^{UNIT 3:}

^OVERALL:

• ^{Increases in interregional trade causes the growth of cities and states through the accumulation of wealth}

• ^{Safe and reliable transportation and technological advancements allow trade to grow rapidly} 

• ^{Culture, Wealth, Religion, and Disease spread through cultural interaction} 

^{SILK ROADS: Ideas/Technologies/Faith/Goods spread along these routes}

• ^{Established forgotten trade routes} 

• ^{Levels of land decreased due to high agriculture for the Silk Road Trade}

• ^{Producers now specialize in one thing and trade that one thing for profit} 

• ^{European desire for luxury goods influenced trade network growth} 

• ^{Buddhism also was exchanged and modified} 

• ^{Crusades drew together Eastern and Western Europe and created a demand for Silk Road Goods}

• ^{Trade encouraged by modifications in currency and access to credit} 

• ^{Fragmented Western and Unified Eastern Europe, created a demand for Silk Road Goods}

• ^{Alter habits of consumption as goods became available, such as how silk/jade allowed elites to distinguish themselves from commoners} 

• ^{Caravanserai: First hotels placed along the Silk Roads, acted as a rest stop and allowed merchants to trade and exchange ideas/beliefs}

• ^{The monopoly of silk in China: high silk supply led to varieties circulating →Silk being used as a currency and symbol of wealth. Silk equaled high stature, associated with Buddhism/Christianity as gifts for Indian religious knowledge} 

• ^{Silk in China/Byzantine: Currency} 

• ^{Silk in Christendom: Prestigious signs of devotion and piety} 

• ^{Trade of Silk Road was influenced by many technological advancements(Saddle, yolks, stirrups utilizing animals, and frames/mattresses allowing camels to carry more luggage)}

• ^{Most people, especially farmers, gave up everything just to partake in the Silk Road, due to success} 

• ^{Large, powerful states provided security to silk roads, which led to SR prospering (EX: Byzantine, Tang Dynasty)}

• ^{Silk Road expands to India → Indian traders + Buddhist monks spread Buddhism along trade routes (Conversion was voluntary, elites thought Bhuddism = was spiritual and connected to India)}

• ^{As Buddhism spread, it became more involved in secular affairs (Mahayana)}

• ^{Buddhism spread to China → Became more materialistic, monks became more luxurious living and non-humble, which differed much from original Indian Buddhism} 

• ^{Neo-Confucianism: Disagree with religious aspects of Buddhism yet praises its high morales} 

• ^{Korea Cultural Changes to Chinese Influence: Tribute missions legitimizing Korean rulers+New court life model+Administration techniques} 

• ^{Japan Cultural Changes to Chinese Influence: Chinese Buddhism schools, educational/literary classes, adopted by Samurai} 

^{SAND ROADS:} 

• ^{Key Raw Material carried in and out of Africa was GOLD(MALI)}

• ^{Camel Introduction: Allowed for long travel(10 days no water),} 

• ^{Culture of African Kingdoms: Islam, new relations among cultural peoples, Housa-speaking}

• ^{Governance of African Kingdoms: Good # of independent city-states, similar to Swahili cities} 

• ^{The Economy of African Kingdoms: Flourishing urban+commercial culture, the Middleman in West African Commerce}

• ^{Social of African Kingdom: Social complexity/hierarchy, characteristics of all civilizations, religious officials, gender hierarchy, male supremacy, women = weaving}

• ^{Ghana(700-1200), Mali(1230-1500), Songhay(1430-1591)}

• ^{Slavery was first only for women, then transitioned into women+men to keep up with demand→Trans the Saharan slave Trade}

• ^{Islam Expansion → Knowledge easily available/learning centers = spread of learning} 

• ^{Islam Expansion = Urbanizing new areas and gearing them towards the knowledge side (universities)}

• ^{Islam = Many Scientific achievements}

• ^{Innovation/tech-facilitated trade} 

• ^{Diasporic communities’ growth is facilitated by trade}

• ^{Ibn Battuta traveled the world and documented his voyages in Ibn Battuta's Rihla}

^{SEA ROADS:}

• ^{Connected distant people through the Indian Ocean trade.}

• ^{Monsoon winds - led to an interlocked human world joined by the common highway of the Indian Ocean, which also led to new technology such as junks, and dhows} 

• ^{Diasporic communities: Permanent settlements of foreign traders at various points in IOB (Indian Ocean Basin/ Indian Ocean Basin Trade). Such communities facilitated trade among different people,} 

• ^{IOB trade also influenced other forms of cross-cultural interactions} 

• ^{IOB was fulcrum of trade}

• ^{States closer to shore would be more involved in sea-based commerce, which led to the growth of cities} 

• ^{The Strait of Malacca opened all trade between India, and China, and served as a choke point}

• ^{Borobudur: Both Buddhist temples, with Javanese scenes (Shows the presence of diaspora communities)} 

• ^{Angkor Watt: Depicts Hindu scenes, with Buddhist practices} 

• ^{Malacca illustrates the growing role of Islam in Southeast Asia, the vehicle of cultural exchange} 

• ^{Swahili was more stimulated by extensive IOB trade}

• ^{Swahili people were politically independent (Monarchy), and the area became rapidly Islamic} 

• ^{Islam in SE Asia, and Africa due to exposure to Islam Traders} 

• ^{Africa was more advanced with the help of Islam}

• ^{Chinese fleets: Meant to go all around southeast Asia, and enroll many areas into a tribute system with China, did not seek to conquer new territories}

• ^{1433 they were stopped due to the death of the Emporer, this lack of Chinese in the sea, and thus facilitated European entry and Portuguese invasion.}

^{AMERICAN WEB:}

• ^{Cahokai (1100-1350): Traded copper and Cahokia  shells from Atlantic Coast/buffalo hides,                                                          stratified social structure, mobilized structures}

• ^{Chaco Canyon (860-1130CE): 5 major settlements, spread over 25k miles, 150 settlements outlying                           produced and sold turquoise/copper balls, drunk choco liquid}

• ^{Mesoamerica (200-900CE): Pochteca: Professional merchants who undertook large trading projects in and out of empire boundaries, sometimes hired by the state, other times not. Local and long distant trade prevailed (Profit)}

• ^{Inca (1438-1533): The state ran economic exchange operations such as storehouses and state centers, roads also linked diverse environments and helped with local trade.} 

• ^{Nomads settled in regions and conquered them, brought local civilizations under control, partook in regional trade (Not international trade), societies were agriculturally based, Incan infrastructure facilitated trade within the empire} 

^MONGOLS: 

• ^{Tribal/personal loyalties connected and disrupted nomadic pastoral Mongol movement}

• ^{Women’s role was more egalitarian than in more sedentary societies} 

• ^{Mongol expansion was facilitated by empires weakening in both the East and West} 

• ^{Military Conquest spreads empire and diffuses Mongol culture through the area of control}

• ^{Limits were present on the Areas the Mongols could expand, due to geographic barriers such as Asia preventing Mongol further expansion}

• ^{Trade was encouraged due to Mongol protection} 

• ^{Mongols were more destructive toward the Middle East than toward Asia} 

• ^{Following the centralized leadership of Genghis Khan the empire fragmented into smaller khanates}

• ^{Controlled the Chinese government in the Yuan Dynasty} 

• ^{Interaction of distant societies spread diseases (Black Plague)} 

• ^{Mongols promoted trade, and gave protection to merchants, Western Europe wanted to be close to the Mongols,}