epi 5

Berlin Wall The Soviet Union, Khrushchev, erected between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East,

after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression. This stood as a gloomy symbol

of the Cold War until it was torn down by rebellious East Germans in 1989.

PLO Palestinian

Liberation

Organization

Goal to unite Arabs and liberation of Palestine from Israel

OPEC Organization of

Petroleum Exporting

Countries

an international oil cartel dominated by an Arab majority, joined together to protect themselves.

Common Market European Economic Community - established 1957 by Treaty of Rome for European agreement to reduce trade

barriers

General Agreement

on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT)

a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by

reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. Becomes the World Trade Organization in 1995

ARVN South Vietnamese army

Modernization theory Economic reforms will set off social and political reforms (democracy); Provided theoretical justifications for US

policies in 3rd world countries like Vietnam

Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961, the CIA-trained force of Cubans landed at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba but failed to set off a general

uprising as planned. Trapped on the beach, the anti-Castro Cubans had little choice but to surrender after

Kennedy rejected the idea of using U.S. forces to save them. Castro used the failed invasion to get even more aid

from the Soviet Union and to strengthen his grip on power.

Cuban Missile Crisis After discovering that the Russians were building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, the U.S. announced a

quarantine of Cuba, which was really a blockade, but couldn't be called that since blockades are a violation of

international law. After 6 days of confrontation that led to the brink of nuclear war, Khrushchev backed down and

agreed to dismantle the launch sites

New Frontier Kennedy called for aid to education, federal support of health care, urban renewal, and civil rights, but his

domestic programs languished in Congress.

supply side economics Trickle-Down; cut taxes and deregulate to stimulate the economy

Space Race Between the US and USSR for firsts, includes Vostok and Mercury programs

Limited Test Ban

Treaty

banned all above-ground testing, sending nuclear tests underground – US USSR, UK

Lunch Counter sit-ins Protests that focused on integrating private businesses

Freedom Riders 1961 program by civil rights activists that took bus trips through the American South to protest segregated bus

terminals.

16th Street Baptist

Church

Attempts to desegregate had resulted in brutal retaliation by whites in Birmingham Alabama where 4 little girls

were killed in this bombing

Letter from a

Birmingham Jail

MLK led drive to desegregation in Birmingham, Alabama and arrested. MLK responds to being referred to as an

"outsider“ - writes: "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere."

Freedom Summer aka

Mississippi Summer

Project

was a 1964 voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered Black voters in Mississippi.

Organized by CORE and SNCC

March on Washington Martin Luther King, Jr. led one of the largest and most successful demonstrations in U.S. history. About 200,000

blacks and whites took part in the peaceful March on Washington in support of the civil rights bill.

1964 Civil Rights Act made segregation illegal in all public facilities, including hotels and restaurants, and gave the federal gov’t

additional powers to enforce school desegregation