Using the electrostatic series, starting with nylon and lucite, each with 8 charges, show how the electrons would be transferred when charged by friction.

Drawing

Hair =

Ex what is the charge for each of the following

Hair + balloon = hair positive, balloon negative b) which pair likely has the strongest charge?

Grocery bag + silk = grocery negative silk positive

Foam + glass = foam = negative a d glass = positive

Static electricity

What is electricity?

Static

Electric charge

Positive/negative charge

Positive E negative

Negative gained E

Charging by friction

Use electrostatic series

Laws of electric charges

Like charges repel

Opposite charges attract

Charged plus neutral attract

Insulators vs conductors

⚡ Grade 9 Electricity Unit Notes

🔌 1. Static Electricity

Static electricity is a buildup of electric charge on an object.
Caused by friction (e.g. rubbing a balloon on hair).
Like charges repel, opposite charges attract.
Discharge: When the charge is released (e.g. lightning, shock from a doorknob).

🔋 2. Current Electricity

Current electricity is the flow of electrons through a conductor (like a wire).
Needs a closed circuit (a complete path for the electrons to flow).
Flow is from negative to positive terminal.

🔁 3. Types of Circuits

Series Circuit: One path; if one part breaks, the whole circuit stops.
Parallel Circuit: Multiple paths; other parts still work if one path breaks.

⚙ 4. Parts of a Circuit

Source: Provides energy (e.g., battery).
Load: Uses electricity (e.g., lightbulb).
Conductors: Wires that carry current.
Switch: Controls the circuit (open or closed).

🧮 5. Electrical Quantities & Units

Quantity	Symbol	Unit	Measured With
Voltage	V	Volts (V)	Voltmeter
Current	I	Amps (A)	Ammeter
Resistance	R	Ohms (Ω)	Ohmmeter

Voltage: Energy per charge (push).
Current: Flow rate of electrons.
Resistance: How much a material resists the flow.

🧠 6. Ohm’s Law

V = I × R

Voltage = Current × Resistance
If you know two values, you can find the third.

🌱 7. Electrical Safety

Don’t overload circuits.
Water conducts electricity – stay dry!
Use fuses, circuit breakers, and ground wires.

💡 8. Energy & Power

Power (P) = Voltage × Current → P = V × I
Measured in Watts (W)
Energy = Power × Time
Measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh)

🌍 9. Environmental Impacts

Power plants can cause pollution (coal, gas).
Renewable sources: solar, wind, hydro.
Save energy by turning off devices and using efficient appliances.

⚡ Grade 9 Science – Static Electricity Notes

🔋 What is Electricity?

Electricity is a form of energy caused by the movement of charged particles:
- Protons (p⁺) – Positive charge
- Electrons (e⁻) – Negative charge
⚠ Only electrons can move!

⚛ Electric Charge

Static Charge: A buildup of an unequal number of protons and electrons on the surface of an object.
- Neutral: Equal numbers of p⁺ and e⁻
- Positive: More p⁺ than e⁻
- Negative: More e⁻ than p⁺

🔎 Example: Which object has the strongest charge?

A: 4p⁺, 5e⁻ → 1e⁻ extra = Negative (−1)
B: 6p⁺, 6e⁻ → Neutral
C: 7p⁺, 12e⁻ → 5e⁻ extra = Strongly Negative (−5) ✅ Strongest charge

🔄 How to Charge an Object

🔥 Charging by Friction

Friction = rubbing two materials together
Electrons are transferred (not created or destroyed):
- One object loses e⁻ → becomes positive
- One object gains e⁻ → becomes negative

✅ Both materials must start off neutral
✅ Use the Electrostatic Series to predict which material gains/loses electrons

📊 Electrostatic Series Example

Given:
Nylon and Lucite, both start with 8 charges

Electrostatic Series:
(Top = loses electrons easily)
→ Glass
→ Human hair
→ Nylon
→ Fur
→ Lucite
→ Ebonite
→ Plastic
→ Rubber
→ Styrofoam
(Bottom = gains electrons easily)

Nylon vs Lucite:

Nylon is higher = loses e⁻ → becomes positive
Lucite is lower = gains e⁻ → becomes negative

🧪 Examples of Charging by Friction

Hair + Balloon
→ Hair = positive, Balloon = negative
Grocery bag + Silk
→ Grocery bag = negative, Silk = positive
Foam + Glass
→ Foam = negative, Glass = positive

⚖ Laws of Electric Charges

Like charges repel (e.g., + and + or − and −)
Opposite charges attract (e.g., + and −)
Charged + neutral = attract
(because the neutral object becomes temporarily polarized)

🧱 Conductors vs Insulators

Type	Description	Examples
Conductor	Allows electrons to move easily	Metals, copper, aluminum
Insulator	Resists electron movement	Plastic, rubber, wood

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⚡ Grade 9 Electricity Quiz

Part A: Multiple Choice (1 mark each)

Choose the best answer.

What is the unit of electric current?
A) Ohm
B) Volt
C) Ampere
D) Watt
Which material is a good conductor of electricity?
A) Rubber
B) Wood
C) Copper
D) Plastic
What happens to the current if the resistance increases in a circuit with a constant voltage?
A) Current increases
B) Current stays the same
C) Current decreases
D) Voltage decreases
Which of the following is an insulator?
A) Aluminum
B) Salt water
C) Iron
D) Glass
A circuit with only one path for current to flow is called a:
A) Parallel circuit
B) Series circuit
C) Closed circuit
D) Open circuit

Part B: True or False (1 mark each)

Write T for true or F for false.

__ A fuse protects a circuit by breaking the circuit when the current gets too high.
__ Voltage is the same as electric current.
__ Static electricity involves the buildup of electric charges.
__ Grounding allows excess charge to safely flow into the Earth.
__ A parallel circuit has more than one path for current to flow.

Part C: Short Answer (2 marks each)

What is the role of a resistor in a circuit?
Explain how static electricity is generated when rubbing a balloon on your hair.
Draw a simple series circuit that includes a battery, a switch, and a light bulb. (You can do this on paper if you're using this digitally.)
State Ohm’s Law and explain what each variable represents.
Why is it dangerous to use electrical devices with wet hands?