Unit 6 AP World Quiz

The Unit 6 quiz will have 5 multiple choice questions and 2 SAQs (pick from 3)

• Division of native people by Europeans 

  • “Divide and conquer” used to lessen the likelihood of resistance

    • EX: British in India dividing Hindus and Muslims; Spanish in Americas dividing the indigenous groups 

• Resistance to imperialism

  • Nationalism, religion, and ethnic divisions were forms of resistance against colonial powers

  • Leadership by elites

    • Local elites worked with imperial powers (some) but others helped to lead revolts and pushback

      • Often had the influence, education, and resources to lead revolts

    • Nationalism

      • Invoke a sense of deserving to  

  • Direct resistance 

    • Indian Mutiny of 1857

      • Caused by cultural/religious insensitivity

        • The Pig and Cow fat on the cartridges which offended the Hindu and Muslim soldiers

      • The Sepoy soldiers against the British East India Company

      • Led to a shift in British colonial rule over India, causing a direct rule over India (British Raj)

    • Tupac Amaru II Rebellion

      • Led by Tupac Amaru II in Peru against Spanish colonial rule

      • Caused by coerced labor, exploitation, and oppression of the indigenous people

      • Rebellion did not succeed, but it helped influence other rebellions in Latin America

    • Samory Toure’s Rebellion  

      • Resisted French colonization in West Africa

      • Fought for control over trade routes and land against French forces 

      • One of the most significant/notable African resistance movements against European imperialism

    • Yaa Asantewaa War 

      • Led by Yaa Asantewaa, queen of the Ashanti people in modern Ghana

      • Fought against british over the Golden Stool

        • Sacred symbol of Ashanti unity

      • The British won but it delayed full british control over Ashanti kingdom

    • Mahdist Wars 

      • Muhammad Ahmad led a fight against Egyptian and British forces in Sudan

      • Led to resistance to European rule and exploitation of local resources 

      • Mahdist state was established in Sudan but the British later defeated them

    • Zulu Wars

      • Southern Africa - British vs Zulu kingdom

      • British wanted to expand control, including Zulu kingdom

      • Zulu won at first, but British ultimately won and took control of Zulu land

  • Resistance influenced by religion 

    • Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

      • Xhosa people in South Africa killed their cattle and destroyed their crops in beliefs to drive the British away 

      • Many religious leaders led the movement

      • Resulted in famine and increased British control

        • Was not successful 

    • Ghost Dance

      • Religious movement from Native American communities in the US

      • Aimed to restore Native American culture and resist new US government policies

      • Led to Wounded Knee Massacre 

  • Formation of new states to resist imperialism

    • Balkan states

      • Balkans wanted independence from the Ottoman Empire

      • Nationalism was a driving force 

      • Tensions worked toward outbreak of World War I

    • Cherokee Nation

      • Forced relocation (Trail of Tears) by the US government

      • Resisted and fought legal battles for their rights led to creation of sovereign Native American government 

    • Sokoto Caliphate 

      • Founded in west Africa, Islamic state formed by Usman dan Fodio

      • Resisted both European and internal enemies until fell under british control

• Political shifts around 1900

  • Domination of the political order by the West 

    • Western powers dominated global politics in late 19th and early 20th centuries

      • Through imperialism, economic influence, and military force

  • Decline of older, land-based empires such as the Qing, Ottoman, and Russia

    • Qing Dynasty, Ottoman empire, and Russia, faced internal and external challenges, leading to eventual decline 

    • Couldn't adapt to industrialization, nationalism, or power of the west

• Qing Dynasty

  • Causes of decline

  • Opium Wars

    • with Britain, forced China to open foreign trade

  • Spheres of Influence 

    • in China, European powers and Japan had control over certain regions

  • Self-strengthening movement 1861-1895 → tried to reform but failed

  • Boxer Rebellion 1900 → anti-imperialist, anti-christian uprising that was crushed by an internal force

• Ottoman Empire

  • Causes of decline

  • Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1876

    • Efforts to modernize, but faced resistance from conservatives and religious leaders

    • Nationalism among Balkan states and European imperialism weakened the empire

    • Defensive modernization/ Islamic modernism 

      • Attempt to adopt western technology and reforms against European threats

    • Examples of reforms

    • Backlash to reforms

    • 
      

      • Young Turks

        • Group of reformers who sought to modernize the empire but also contributed to its eventual collapse 

• Meiji Restoration in Japan 1868-1912

  • Causes 

    • Decline of Tokugawa shogunate → after pressure of Western powers (US)

    • Desire to modernize Japan to resist Western imperialism

  • Reforms

    • Political: abolition of Tokugawa system, adoption of a constitution (1889)

    • Economic: industrialization, railroads, telegraphs

    • Social: education system modernized, western style military was established

    • Westernization: legal system, clothing, architecture

  • Japanese Imperialism 

    • Japan asserted itself as an imperial Power after First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo Japanese War