Bonds: Ionic, Hydrogen, Covalent Bonding, Hydrophobic Interactions Which Type Of Molecules Use Which Bonds For Structure, Function Or Interaction. Peptide Bonds Glyosidic Bonds Phosphodiester Bonds

Key Vocabulary for Bonds

1. Ionic Bonding

   • Definition: A chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

   • Key Characteristics:

     • Strong bond

     • Typically forms between metals and nonmetals

     • Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl)

2. Covalent Bonding

   • Definition: A chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

   • Key Characteristics:

     • Can be single, double, or triple bonds

     • Stronger than ionic bonds

     • Example: Water (H₂O), Methane (CH₄)

3. Hydrogen Bonding

   • Definition: A weak bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom.

   • Key Characteristics:

     • Important for the structure of water and biological molecules

     • Example: Bonds between water molecules, base pairing in DNA

4. Hydrophobic Interactions

   • Definition: Nonpolar molecules tend to aggregate in aqueous solutions to minimize their exposure to water.

   • Key Characteristics:

     • Important in protein folding and membrane formation

     • Example: Lipid bilayers in cell membranes

Types of Molecules and Their Bonds

1. Proteins

   • Peptide Bonds:

     • Formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.

     • Type: Covalent bond.

     • Function: Link amino acids to form polypeptides.

2. Carbohydrates

   • Glycosidic Bonds:

     • Formed between monosaccharides to create disaccharides and polysaccharides.

     • Type: Covalent bond.

     • Function: Link sugars for energy storage and structural purposes (e.g., starch, cellulose).

3. Nucleic Acids

   • Phosphodiester Bonds:

     • Formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of another.

     • Type: Covalent bond.

     • Function: Link nucleotides to form DNA and RNA strands.

Summary of Bond Types and Their Functions

• Ionic Bonds: Common in salts and minerals; provide structural integrity.

• Covalent Bonds: Fundamental for organic molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids).

• Hydrogen Bonds: