psychology lecture 12/3/2024

Definition of PTSD

Diagnosis Criteria

exposed to or witnessed some type of traumatic experience, it could be actual or threatened death, serious injury, so sexual violence.

-ptsd was first recognized in soldiers who went into combat

symptoms

intrusive/distressing memories of event

flashbacks-states during which an individiual relice the even and behaves as if it were happening now.

avoidence to stimuli connected to event

persistant negative emotional states

detachment from others

irritability

pronness towards outbursts.

risk factors

trauma experience

those involving harm by others carry greater risk than those that do not

lack of immediate social support

-social support can reduce the risk of developing ptsd

female gender

low socioeconomic status

low intelligence

personal history of mental disorders

history of childhood adversity

family history of mental disorders

personality characteristics-neuroticism and somatization (tendency to experience physical symptoms when stressed)

possession of genes with serotonin

Conditioning Theories

Traumatic event (UCS) extreme dear and anxiety (UCR)

Cognitive, emotional, physiological

Two key processe in development and maintancance of ptsd

distubrances in memory for the event

-poorely encoded memories can become fragmend

-individuals cannot remember event in meaninful way

Mood Disorders

Massive disruptions in mood and emotion that cause a distorted out look on life, and impair ability to function.

Depressive Disorders-intense and persistent sadness is main thing

mania-

manic episode- a distinct period of abnormally and persistantly elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity.

Major Depressive disorder

Diagnosis Criteria

Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day

loss of interest or pleasure in activities

at least 5 symptoms for 2-week period

symptoms

weight loss or weight gain

difficulty falling asleep or too much sleep

psychomotor agitation or psychomotor retardation

fatigue/loss of energy

feelings of worthlessness or guilt

suicide ideation

prevalence 6.6 percent of u population each year 16.9 of the US pop in their lifetime

more common among women that men

comorbidity - with anxiety and substance abuse disorders

risk factors

unemployment

low income

living in urban areas

being separated, divorced, or widowed

subtypes of depression

seasonal pattern- feel depressed only during a certain part of the year

postpartum depression- major depressionduring pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth

persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Bipolar Disorder

involves mood states that fluctuate between depression and mania

symptoms of mania

excessively talkative

irritable

flight of ideas-talk loudly and rapidly, switching from topic to another

grandiosity-inflated by unjustified self-esteem and confidence.

involves mood status that fluctuate between depression and mania

genetics depression

relatives have double the risk of developing the disorder

identical twins-50% concordance rate

Fraternal twins-38% concordance rate

Hormones

elevated levels of cortisol (stress hormone) are found in depression

risk factor for future depression.

Neurotransmitters

Mood disorders often involve imbalances in neurotransmitters

-usually, serotonin and norepinephrine

Brain Anatomy for depression

Amygdala-important in assessing the emotional significance of stimuli and experiencing emotions

more likely to react emotionally to negative stimuli

Prefrontal cortex-important in regulating and controlling emotions

decreased activation in depressed individuals which may inhibit its ability to override negative emotions

-greater difficulty controlling emotional reactions

Diathesis stress model and major depressive disorders

stressful life events often precede depressive episodes

not everyone who experiences stressful life events develop depression but there are predispositions

genetic vulnerability

alteration in the 5-httlpr gene (regulates serotonin)

1 or 2 alleles plus stress life events equals higher predisposition

Cognitive theories of depression

triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations.

diathesis stress model-

aaron beck 1960s depressed prone people possess mental predispositions to think about most things in a negative way

depressive schemas-contain themes of loss, failure, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy

may develop in childhood in response to adverse experiences

dormant until activated by stressful or negative life event

hopelessness theory - specific negative thinking style-sense of hopelessness plus depression

-negative thinking-refers to a tendency to perceive negative life events as having stable

-creates view that life even will have negative implications for persons future or worth

rumination-distressed mood-rumination-increased duration of the mood

rumination-repitive and passice focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on it rather than distracting ones self from the symptoms of attempting to adress

-women and more likely to ruminate than men

suicide

90% of those who complete suicides have a diagnosis of at least one mental disorder

10th most common cause for death for all ages

more likely in males, males use weapons, female use poisons

risk factors

-previous attempts

substance abuse

-cyberbullying

suicide in family

schizophrenia

hallucinations- perceptial experience that occurs in absence of external stimulation. auditory hallucinations are most common

paronoid delusions

grandiose delusions

somatic delusions

disorganized thinking0 disjointed and incoherent thought processes

disorganized or abnormal motor behavior-unusual behaviors/ movements

catatonic behaviors-decreased reactivity to enviorment

negative symptoms- decreases and absecnes in certain begaviors, emotions and drives

avolition

Algia

acicularity

anhedonia

prevalence - affects 1% of the population

genetics risk is 6 times higher if one parent has schizophrenia even if adopted

neurotransmitters

dopamine hypothesis- an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schrizo.

brain anatomy

enlarged ventricles

reduced gray matter in the frontal loves

many show less frontal lobe activity when performing cognitive tasks

events during pregnancy

obstetric complications during birth

moms exposure to influenza

stress during pregnancy

dissociative disorders

characterized by an individual becoming split off, or dissociated, from their core sense of self- memory and identity become disturbed

dissociative amnesia -inability to recall important personal information

depersonalization/derealization-characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both

depersonalization-

derealization-

Dissociative Identify Disorder-more than one personality identities

-involves memory gaps for the time during which another identity is in charge

-coping mechanism to threat or danger

characterized by a pervasive and inflexible personality style that differs trom expectations of individuals culture which causes distress

begins in earth adolecence

4 clusturs

cluster A paranoid personality dis, schizoid personality dis, schizotypal persona,

cluster b

cluster c

cluster d

Borderline personality disorder-characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood as well as marked impulsivity

symptoms

-cannot tolerate the thought of being alone

-relationships are intense and unstable

-unstable view of self

may be highly impulsive

prevalence 1.4% of US population

comorbidity, anxiety mood disorders

antisocial disorders-characterized by lack of regard for others peoples rights or feeling

symptoms

-repeatedly doing illegal acts

-lying or conning

-impulsivity and recklessness

-charm

-irritably and aggressive

-lack of remorse

-lack of empathy

-inflated sense of self

Diagnosis requires individual to be 18 to diagnosis

more common in males than females

genetics

personality and tempermenant dimensions rleated to this disorder (fearlessness implusice antisociality, and callousness)

nature and nurture affects getting antisocial disorder.

causes

-emotional defecits

-fail to show fear, response to enviorment cues that signal punishment, pain, or noxious stimulation

-emotional defecits

ADHD

neurodevelopmental disorders-involve developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning

ADHD- constant pattern of inattention and or hyperactice and implusicve behavior

hyperaftivity-accessice movement, interupting, blurting response

unfocused, disorganized etc

5% of children

Boys are 3 times more likely to have ADHD than girls

life problems

-low edycatuional attainemtn

-low socioeconomic standing

-poor relations

genetics

Inattention-71% heritable

hyperactivity-73% heritable

Autism spectrum disorder

symptoms

-deficits in social interaction

-deficits in communication- difficulty mainitaing conversation

-repetitive patters of behavior or interests

5 times more common in boys

1 in 88

genetics

identifcal twins 60-90% concordance

fraternal twins 5-10% concordance

environment