Research

• Process of collecting and analyzing data for the advancement knowledge

• “Critical Method”

  • open minded, analyzes, and critiques

• Scientific Method

  • Methodical

  • Structure

• Systematic Inquiry

  • Describes a phenomenon, predicts an outcome

  • questions for further studies

    (Ex: Pandemic —> Online Classes —> Loneliness))

• Addresses issues and concerns

• Looking into an unexplored phenomenon

• Gathering data to address and answer problems

• Reporting results to an audience

• 2 main purposes (2 G’s): Gather Evidence and Gain Knowledge

Qualities of Research

• Deductive - When conducting deductive research, you always start with a theory. This is usually the result of inductive research

  • Start: Specification of hypotheses based on existing theories

  • End: Verification through evidence or data

• Inductive - When there is little to no existing literature on a topic, it is common to perform inductive research, because there is no theory to test.

  • Start: Analysis of a phenomenon (Analysis)

  • End: Development of theory

• Recursive - non-linear progression, rewriting of research

• Empirical - verifiable, sense, evidence

• Logical - process, reasons, structure

• Requires High-Order Thinking Skills rather than Low order thinking skills

• HOTS (High-Order Thinking Skills)

  • Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating

• LOTS (Low-Order Thinking Skills)

  • Remembering and Understanding

• Replicable - can be copied

• Solution-Oriented - future solutions to real-world problems

• Objective - goal oriented, unbiased, in contrast to subjective approaches

• Requires sufficient sources of data - SOURCE

Importance of Research

• Importance to the individual

  • critical thinking

  • organization - focused, cohesive, coherent manner

  • self-discipline and perseverance

  • teamwork

• Importance to society

  • government policies

  • decision-making

  • sociocultural interactions

  • medicinal and health research

  • environmental awareness and protection

  • inventions

Research is a systematic inquiry, an academic study that involves:

• Defining a problem

• investigating a question

• formulating a hypothesis or argument

• referring to different sources and ideas

• collecting, analyzing, and organizing data

• making deductions that lead to questions

Research Process (Order)

1. Select and narrow down the topic

2. Conduct preliminary research

3. Formulate thesis and research questions

4. Develop a preliminary outline

5. Gather additional references

6. Write the introduction and literature review

7. Plan the research methodology

8. Develop, adopt, and modify research instruments

9. Gather and analyze data

10. Revisit and revise the introduction and literature review

11. Write the results and discussion

12. Write the summary, conclusion, and recommendations

13. Consolidate the full paper and add a reference list

14. Edit the full paper

15. Disseminate research findings (presentation or publication)

Research Ethics

• Set of Moral Principles and Code of Conduct that define what good and acceptable research is

General Research Practices

1. Be objective

2. Disclose any potential conflict of interest

Data Management and Plagiarism

1. Avoid fabricating or making up data or results

2. Avoid falsifying data just to prove your point

3. Always cite your sources

4. Avoid self-plagiarism

5. Avoid ghostwriting

6. Ensure confidentiality of collected data

Authorship

• Author must be involved in:

  • Conceptualizing the study

  • Conducting the methodology

  • Analyzing and interpreting the data

  • Writing the paper

Use of human and animals

1. Inform and ask permission from the people who will be the subject of your research

2. Refrain from inflicting harm on human participants

3. Animals can only be harmed if there are legitimate scientific benefits from doing so

4. When it comes to personal information, collect only those that are relevant to the study

5. Refrain from forcing anyone to participate in your research

6. Avoid choosing participants based on convenience alone

Informed Consent Form (ICF)

• Purpose, process, duration of research

• Their right to withdraw and how

• Foreseeable consequences, risks, and benefits

• Protection or limitations of confidentiality and anonymity

• Contact information for questions

• Other ethical considerations: compensation, deception, debriefing

Types of Research According to Paper

• Basic Research

  • Develops or tests theories and propositions

  • Expands knowledge and satisfies curiosity

  • No immediate application to the real world

  • Descriptive

  • Ex: Student Engagement/Participation in Facebook Activities

• Applied Research

  • Tests theory in an actual problem situation

  • Addressing practical concerns

  • Ex: Using Facebook to Enhance the Academic Collaboration Among College Students in the Philippines

• Action Research

  • Focuses on solving problems within an organization or community

  • Locally intended. Not universally applicable

  • Ex: Using Facebook-based e-portfolios to an

Quanti vs Quali Research

• Qualitative

  • Used in exploring new ideas

  • Explaining concepts in greater depth

  • Focuses on phenomenon, person, community, or reality in its natural and everyday state

  • Analysis should be grounded on the experience of the people

• Quantitative

  • Understanding the magnitude of a phenomenon

  • Testing hypothesis about relationship between variables

  • Predictions about human behavior

  • Extent and measurement of a phenomenon

  • analysis = quantifiable factors

• Mixed Methods (Qualitative + Quantitative)

Literature Review Tips

1. Treat the literature review as a series of mini essays

2. Decolonize references by citing studies from the Global South

3. Apply “One Thing” principle

   • What I learned from the article that I never knew of until I read this specific article

Global South

• Latin America, Asia, Africa, Oceania

• Third World Countries

• Periphery

• Developing

• Decentralization

• Not just a metaphor for poor

Challenges in PH research

important to discuss own country

Acknowledge

• Influence of foreign

• Globalization

• Economy

• Politics

• Migration