1st chapter bio 115

Chapter 1: The Human Organism 

 Know the levels of organization for the human body (and all living systems)  

The levels of organization start at the chemical level, the the cell level, then the tissue level, then the organ level, then the organ systems, then finally the organism level. 

 What is “homeostasis”? What are “variables”? 

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment 

Variables are body properties that may change in value

 Explain what is “negative feedback”. What are the 2 parts of the negative feedback, and  how does it work. Know the examples used in class. 

Negative feedback is the main mechanism used for homeostatic regulation

Detection- deviation from set point 

Correction-reversal of deviation toward set point 

 What are the 11 organ body systems?  

-integumentary system

-digestive system

-cardiovascular system

-respiratory system

-nervous system

-skeletal system

-muscular system

-reproductive system

-ENDOCRINE system

-URINARY system

-LYMPHATIC  system

 Know the directional terms, body cavities and planes of sections. Be able to label an  image with body cavities of human body.  

Anatomical-facing the front

Sagittal-side profile, separates body to right and left 

Transverse plane-gojo, and separates superior and inferior parts 

Coronal plane- vertical plane, separates anterior and posterior parts 

Anatomical Position:

Distal

Proximal

Superior 

Exterior 

Right 

Left 

Medial 

Lateral 

Midline 

Superficial

Deep 

Anterior 

Posterior

Superior

Inferior

Proximal 

Distal 

Body parts and regions

-head

-neck

-trunk

-upper limb

-lower limb

BODY Cavities 

-thoracic cavity 

Space between chest wall and diaphragm

-subcavity, mediastinum

Space between lungs

Contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea

-abdominal cavity

Space between diaphragm and pelvis 

Contains stomach

Intestines liver spleen pancreas kidneys

-Pelvic cavity

Space between pelvis 

Contains urinary bladder 

Reproductive organs

Part of large intestine

Serous membranes

Visceral-covers organs

Parietal-the outer membrane

Cavity-fluid space between membrane

-membrane

1. Pericardium -around the heart

2. Pleura - around lungs

3. Peritoneum - around abdominopelvic organs

-cavity 

1. Pericardial cavity 

2. Pleural cavity 

3. Peritoneal cavity

Put an image

Pericardium and pericardial cavity

-visceral pericardium 

Covers heart

Parietal pericardium

Thick, fibrous

-Pericardial cavity

Reduces friction

Put image

Pleura and Pleural cavity

Pleura

Visceral pleura 

-covers lungs

Parietal pleura

Lines inner wall of thorax 

-pleural cavity

-reduces friction 

-adheres lungs to thoracic wall

Put image

Peritoneum and peritoneal Cavity 

peritoneum 

Visceral peritoneum 

-covers, anchors organs 

Parietal peritoneum

-Lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity 

Peritoneal cavity

-reduces friction