Islam
Origins
Principal beliefs
Articles of faith
Sacred texts and writings
Expression of faith
| Origins Pre-islamic Arabia as the cultural and historical context for the development of Islam Social conditions
Religious beliefs In Arabia, it consisted of polytheism and idol worship, this is where staties and totems were worshipped. Muhammad was able to unify the tribes in Arabia under one social and political order and one religion.
The Prophet Muhammed Events in the Prophet Muhammads live
Muhammad as the role model for Muslim Life Muhammad is known to be the seal of the prophets in Islam. The Qur’an encompasses Muhammad as the seal of the prophets, stating “Muhammad is the messenger of Allah and last of the prophets” (Surah 33:40). Mulammad was a role model for society as he brought new teachings, rules and laws into Muslim life. He was a charismatic leader who had trust in Allah and carved a new path for monotheism by preaching Allah’s final message.
In essence, Sunnah is the broader concept that encompasses the way of life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad, while Hadith specifically refers to the recorded accounts that preserve these teachings for later generations. Significance as a role model today
The development of Islam under the leadership of the Four rightly Guided Caliphs A caliph is a political and religious leader/successor to the Prophet Muhammad in charge of guiding the caliphate (Muslim community). The first four caliphs are known as the rightly guided caliphs. Abu Bakr (632-634 AC)
Umar (634-644 AC)
Uthman (644-656 AC)
Ali (656-661 AC)
Articles of faith The six articles of faith are fundamental beliefs that guide the faith of Muslims in Islam. They outline the core principles that every Muslim is expected to believe in. Tawhid (oneness of Allah) The tawhid, meaning submission to Allah, is the most fundamental article of faith in Islam; It is the belief in monotheism, that Allah is the one true and powerful God. Allah must be considered as the creator and sustainer of the universe and the source of all life and guidance. Surah 3:2 “Allah! There is no God but He- the living, all sustaining, eternal” Qur’an 112:1-4 “He is Allah, the One and Unique Allah, Who is in need of none and of Whom all are in need. He neither begot any nor was He begotten, and none is comparable to Him.” Tawhid influences adherents as:
Malaiki (Angels) Malaki is the belief in the existence of angels, spiritual beings created by Allah to carry out his tasks, Surah 2:285 “ Devout Muslims must believe in Angels”. There are three types of angels, these include:
Maliki influences adherents as:
Quran 13:13 “And the thunder exalts [ Allah ] with praise of Him - and the angels [as well] from fear of Him - and He sends thunderbolts and strikes therewith whom He wills while they dispute about Allah ; and He is severe in assault.” Quran 42:5 “The heavens nearly burst, one above the other, ˹in awe of Him˺. And the angels glorify the praises of their Lord, and seek forgiveness for those on earth. Surely Allah alone is the All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” Kattaballah (Books of Allah) Muslims believe in the divine books that were revealed to various prophets throughout history, Surah 10:37 “The Quran is not such as can be produced by other than Allah” These books include:
Kattaballah influences adherents as:
Rusul (prophets) Muslims believe in the prophethood of individuals chosen by Allah to deliver his message of monotheism to humanity, Surah 16:36 “Allah sent into every nation a messenger saying ‘serve allah ay”. There are at least 25 prophets in the Quran, they have revealed holy books, new teachings and divine commandments. Prophets signify that Islam is not a new religion as Allah is believed to have revealed messages to different messengers through the ages. Rusul influences adherents as:
Akhira (Afterlife) Muslims believe in the Day of Judgement, when all individuals will be resurrected and held accountable for their deeds. Akhira is the second life that starts the day after judgement day, so Muslims must prepare for the afterlife. Surah 17:71 “Each person will be judged by Allah for their actions in the first life, which determines which type of afterlife each person will get” Stages between death and Akhira
The day of judgement
Akhira Influences adherents as:
Al-Qadr (fate/predestination) Muslims believe in Allah’s divine predestination and sovereignty. This belief encompasses the understanding that Allah has complete knowledge and control over everything that happens in the universe. Al-Qadr reinforces the omnipotence of Allah “Allah is competent over all things” Surah Sacred texts and writings The Quran The Quran is the holy scripture and ultimate source of Islam it was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over a period of approximately 23 years. It contains 114 Surahs starting from the longest to the shortest verses. The Quran shapes adherents beliefs, practices, and worldview, providing a comprehensive guide for personal and communal life. The Quran had four main characteristics:
The use of the Quran in everyday life:
The Hadith Hadith refers to the collection of sayings, actions, approvals, and descriptions of the Prophet Muhammad. Hadiths is the second most important source of authority and provides additional guidance and clarification about various aspects of Islamic teachings that are not explicitly covered in the Quran. It serves as a supplement to the Quran, helping Muslims understand how to apply the Quranic teachings in different situations. “Indeed in the Messenger of Allah you have a good example to follow”(Surah 33:21) highlights the importance of following the example of Muhammads sayings and actions. Core Ethical Teachings All Muslims follow a code of law called Shariah Law. Shairiah law sets out a way of a guided life according to the Quran and the example of the prophets. It encompasses a Muslims whole life ranging from laws regarding marriage, inheritance and etiquette and gives them a direct pathway to Allah. When examining ethical issues according to Shariah law, it is called Islamic Jurisprudence. Shariah law uses 4 sources to determine if an issue is halal (lawful) or haram (prohibited), adherents can turn to these four sources to justify their human behaviour.
Despite the complexities of some ethical issues, there are a number of clear principals in Islamic ethics which are to be followed. When applied to an adherents life they are considered the core ethical teachings.
Expression of faith (The Five Pillars) The 5 pillars of faith The Five Pillars of Faith are the essential beliefs that form the foundation of a Muslim's faith.
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MODULE 3: ISLAM
Studies of Religion 1 Unit - Study Notes
Students Learn About:
Origins:
Pre-Islamic Arabia as the cultural and historical context for the development of Islam
The Prophet Muhammad
The development of Islam under the leadership of the Four RIghtly Guided Caliphs
Principle Beliefs:
The articles of faith explained in the Aqida as
Tawhid
Angels & Jinn
Books of Allah
Rusual
Akhira
Fate/Predestination
Sacred Texts and Writings:
The Qur’an and the Hadith
Core Ethical Teachings:
Islamic jurisprudence
The Qur’an
The Sunna and the Hadith
Ijma’ - consensus among religious leaders
Qiyas - comparison with teachings of the Qu’ran or the Hadith.
Expression of Faith:
The five pillars as the expression of the faith of islam
Origins of Islams:
Arabia before Islam- Social Conditions | Arabia before Islam- Religious Practices |
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Religious conditions
Describe the religious beliefs of the Bedouin, include the role of the Kaaba
The Kaaba was a pilgrimage site for generations where the nomadic tribes worshipped their Gods. They placed 360 idols in or around the kaaba in order to properly worship them.
Meruwah was the Bedouin code of conduct. What was valued under 'muruwah'?
This uniquely Arabian brand of chivalry focused on bravery, patience, persistence in revenge, generosity, hospitality, and protection of the poor and weak.
Suggest why muruwah was valued in pre-Islamic society
This concept of chivalry is used as a template, in which all the members of the Arabian tribes used as guiding principles in the absence of formal government. This concept gave them the idea on how to deal with issues of security, violence, theft, means of getting scarce resources and economic needs of their society or members in general.
How can the Bedouin belief system be seen as fatalistic?
The concept of fatalism as commonly used in Islamic philosophy and Persian literature denotes the belief in the pre-ordained Decree of God (qażā wa qadar), according to which whatever happens to human beings or in the whole universe has been pre-determined by the will and knowledge of the Almighty, and that no changes or transformations in it can be made through the agency of the human will.
Why did the Bedouin belief system lead to the rejection of Islam and conflict with the Muslims?
The Bedouin belief system valued polytheism whereas Islam is monotheistic. As well as this, it threatened trade welfare cyclical nature of Bedouin tribe
Name three other religious faiths that were present in inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula
Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism.
How were adherents of those religions treated?
Fairly.
Use research to outline the beliefs of Zoroastrianism
Humans have free will and must make an important choice in life. If they choose to follow Ahura Mazda, they follow the righteous path of Asha, practising good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and will spend their afterlife in paradise. He is in conflict with the evil spirit Angra Mainyu.
How are concepts of Zoroastrianism reflected in Christianity and/or Judaism?
It demonstrates the concepts of sin vs good actions within Christianity and Judaism.
Social conditions
How was the Arabian Peninsula populated? What groups of people lived in the area?
It was populated with bedouin people and individuals had a diverse range of religions from Christianity and Judaism to polytheistic religions.
Describe the lifestyle of the Bedouin
The lifestyle of the Bedouin revolved around tribal communities, they engaged in pastoral, agricultural and trading activities.
Why was Mecca important?
Trading was considered as one of the most important activities that the many clans and tribes engaged in. They were mainly trading goods from India to the far east of the Mediterranean, predominantly through Mecca which resulted in its importance as a major trading port.
Why was connection to tribe important?
There was no sense of a central national identity among Arab people. A person's identity and security were based on their connection to their clan, as this was their social network.
Why was pre-Islamic Arabian society known as Jahiliyyah (The Age of Ignorance)?
As there were alot in blood feuds between clans, as each group took vengeance for the wrongs they considered had been inflicted on them. Islam educated and liberated them that is why it is referred to as Jahiliyyah.
How were women treated in pre-Islamic society?
Women in that society were treated differently in every tribe. Some women had a low status because they were not permitted to participate in warfare. However some were able to become businesswomen of significant health.
Which groups in society were outcast? How may Islamic teachings have appealed to those groups?
Slaves, women, the poor, and non-tribal individuals were often marginalised in pre-Islamic Arabian society.Islamic teachings appealed to outcast groups by advocating for social justice, equality, and the protection of the vulnerable.
Describe the economic structure
The economy was primarily based on trade, agriculture, and the collection of tribal tribute.
How did the increase in economic wealth cause the downfall of the tribal system?
The increase in economic wealth centralised power and resources, undermining the traditional tribal alliances and kinship ties that had previously structured society.
Life of Muhammad:
- 570 CE: Muhammad is born
- 555 - 619 CE: The life of Muhammad’s first wife
- 622 CE: Muhammad leaves Mecca for Medina
- 605 - 632 CE: The life of Fatima, Muhammad’s daughter
- 632 CE: The Prophet Muhammad dies
Events in the Prophet Muhammads life
Early life:
Born 570 CE in Mecca, he was orphaned at a young age and grew up with his uncle, a travelling trader. Muhammed also became a trader and gained a trustworthy reputation.
Call to priesthood: Whilst meditating in a cave near Mecca, Angel Gabriel appeared and said he had been chosen as the ‘Prophet of Allah’. Allah’s teachings were revealed to Muhammad and his followers compiled them into the Quran.
The Hijrah: The Hijrah is Muhammads journey from Mecca to Medina. He preached in Mecca for 13 years where he was persecuted as a monotheist in a polytheistic society, he moved toMedina as it was more open, from here Islam flourished from hundreds to thousands.
Mecca and Medina: Islam grew from an alternative religious belief in Mecca to an entire way of life in Medina
In Mecca, the Meccan revelations outlined the basic beliefs such as the Tawhid (belief in one God).
In Medina, the revelations became concerned with the way of life including laws around marriage, business and inheritance
Death: Muhammad died in Medina, his death sparked huge expansion of Islam into Africa, Asia and Europe. Conflict arose after Muhammads death as he did not name a successor, this led to the division of the Sunni and Shi’a Muslims
fProphet Muhammad as the role model for Muslim Life
Muhammad is known to be the seal of the prophets in Islam. The Qur’an encompasses Muhammad as the seal of the prophets, stating “Muhammad is the messenger of Allah and last of the prophets” (Surah 33:40). Mulammad was a role model for society as he brought new teachings, rules and laws into Muslim life. He was a charismatic leader who had trust in Allah and carved a new path for monotheism by preaching Allah’s final message.
The Sunnah refers to the practices, actions, and teachings of the Prophet, encompassing his way of life and his example
The Hadith are recorded sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet. They provide additional guidance on interpreting the Quran and understanding how to live a righteous life.
In essence, Sunnah is the broader concept that encompasses the way of life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad, while Hadith specifically refers to the recorded accounts that preserve these teachings for later generations.
Allah revealed his will to Muhammed, this important because this meant that Muhammed was the chosen recipient and the messenger of the word of God. Allah would only communicate his teachings through Muhammed thus making him the only source of communication to his followers. He was the ONLY person that Allah would communicate with and he would record all of the teaching and sacred scriptures to provide adherents with an understanding of knowledge that will influence them to live a good life.
Muhammed spent his life as an example to show how to live the Quran, Hadith records this. The Quran informs us that Muhammed has lived his life as a model through his prophetic missions to expand and inform people to refrain from any other actions that would cause adherents to stray away from only worshipping Allah.
Allah communicating only with Muhammed highlights that Allah really trusted him.
Muhammed also provides a good example of the qualities that bring Muslims closer to Allah, this includes forgiveness, mercy, justice and humility.
The Four Rightly guided Caliphs:
Abu Bakr (632-634 CE):
Background:
One of Muhammad’s closest friends and his Father-in-law. He was also the first adult male follower and close advisor.
Notable Facts and Achievements:
His election set a democratic precedent. Islam would be led by the best man in the community and not by blood relations. He also compiled the Quran in a volume for the first time.
Manner of Death:
Died of Natural causes in 634 CE
Umar (634 - 644 CE):
Background:
Nominated by Abu Bakr and the community
Notable Facts and Achievements:
He sent several expeditions to expand the borders of the Muslim state. The Persian empire, most of the Byzantine empire, Jerusalem, and Egypt came under the Muslim rule. He organised a standing army. He was an effective administrator of conquered territories and was influential in the development of financial & legal institutions.
Manner of Death:
Stabbed by a Persian slave.
Uthman (644 - 656 CE):
Background:
Son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad.
Notable Facts and Achievements:
Encouraged the spread of Islam across Northern Africa and into central Asia. He appointed members of his own clan (Umayyads) into government positions. He was claimed to have indulged in nepotism. The community wanted to overthrow him. And he created an authoritative copy of the Qur'an in Meccan dialect; it remains the authorised copy till this day.
Manner of Death:
Murdered by Rebels in 656 CE
Ali (665 - 661 CE):
Background:
Prophet’s Cousin and son-in-law
Notable Facts and Achievements:
He refused to punish those who had killed Uthman. There had been a major split in Islam under his rule. Divisions of leadership sunni (or mainstream) group of Muslims and Shi’a (party of Ali). Companions joined with A’isha to punish those who murdered Uthman. The division led to the battle between Aisha and Ali’s forces, in the battle of camels. Eventually Ali won.
Manner of Death:
Assassinated by Kharijite in 661 CE.
Sunni-Shi’ite Divide
Arguments between who should be Muhammad’s successor after his death caused the Sunni-Shi’ite divide.
The Sunni Muslims believed that Ali should become 1st Caliph of Islam, while the Shia Muslims believe that Abu Bakr should. This disagreement caused the Muslims ummah (community) to divide.
Sunni Muslims |
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Shia Muslims |
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Principle Beliefs:
Belief in God (Tawhid) “Say: He is God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begets not, nor is He begotten; and there is none like unto Him.” (Qur‟an, 112:1-4) |
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Fate and Predestination The belief that Allah has already had everything figured. |
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BOOKS OF ALLAH The Qur’an is considered as the ultimate source of Allah. |
Eg. The Sabbath begins on a Sunday for Christians and a Friday for Muslims.
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Angels and Jinn |
Eg. Jibril is responsible for conveying the revelation of Allah to his messengers. Israfill will blow the trumpet to indicate the day of judgement.
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Rusul The prophets are the main source of revelation. |
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Al Akhira The belief of the Day of Judgement |
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CORE ETHICAL TEACHINGS
Sharia (The path to water)- the legal principles found in the Quran and Hadith.
It is derived from the Quran and the Sunnah and is considered the ideal and perfect law as it originates from divine revelation.
Sharia law: a legal system based on the legal principles in the Quran and Hadith.
Basically, the practical implementation and application of Sharia principles through legal systems.
In predominantly Islamic countries such as Iran have the Sharia as part of the law, while other countries such as Pakistan don’t have Sharia law but Sharia runs in parallel with the law.
THE ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE (FIQH)
The jurisprudence refers to the human process of interpreting and applying the principles of Sharia to specific situations. It involves the development of legal rulings and guidelines based on the sources of Sharia. Its purpose is to guide a muslim into applying the Shariah to their everyday life. For example, if a new technology was introduced into society, the Qu’ran would not have already addressed whether it is halal or haram due to the time difference, thus they will go through the Islamic Jurisprudence to clarify whether the new technology is allowed. The Quran is the main source of all teachings; however, if the Qur’an is not sufficiently clear or detailed on a particular issue, Muslims will look to other sources to provide guidance for appropriate ethical actions.
Halal: permitted
Haram: forbidden
Jurisprudence:
Through the process of Jurisprudence, there are 4 sources that are accessed in order to make a judgement on an ethical issue.
The Quran :
Use the Quran to determine Haram, or Halal as it is the foundational text of Islam and the first source of law.
The Quran is the central religious text of Islam and is the ultimate source of all Islamic laws and teachings. It consists mainly of prayers, moral guidance, historical narrative, and promises of Paradise and is perceived as the authentic and faultless word of Allah.
Hadith & Sunna :
If the Qur'an does not provide explicit guidance on a particular issue, scholars turn to the Hadith, which records the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. The Hadith & Sunna provides context and further elaboration on the principles found in the Qur'an.
The Hadith is a collection of the narratives about the Prophet Muhammed, it serves as a primary source of religious guidance and understanding. The Sunna is the broader concept of the Prophet's way of life, which includes but is not limited to what is documented in the Hadith.
Qiyas:
Scholars use precedence. They look in the quran for information on similar issues to determine the outcome for issues that aren’t particularly stated in the Quran or the Hadith.
The Qiyas is the method of applying a known ruling from the Quran or Hadith to a new situation that is similar in its underlying cause or principle. It mainly involves analogies between the original case to reach a legal decision.
For example , alcohol is mentioned in the Quran to not do it however drugs are not. They give the same effect so using basic knowledge it's obviously not allowed.
Ijma:
The Ijma is the consensus or unanimous agreement of Islamic scholars on a particular issue or ruling. When all qualified scholars agree on a specific interpretation of Islamic law, that consensus becomes a binding legal precedent in Islamic jurisprudence.
If all scholars agree that a specific practice is prohibited based on Islamic principles, that consensus is considered a strong basis for establishing the prohibition as part of Islamic law.
Halal & Haram:
Teaching | Quote | Why? |
Following dietary requirements | Chapter 6 verse 118 ‘Eat of that meat upon which Allah’s name has been mentioned.’ | Following Sharia ‘Path’ respect of creation Expression of tawhid. |
Observance of Ramadan (Fasting) | QUran 16:128 Allah is with those who restrain themselves. | Strengthens relationship with Allah. Focus on prayer. No fighting, lying, gossiping. Community unites together. Strengthened by unity and by ethical conduct. |
Recreational drugs | Quran 5:90 “Oh you have believed intoxicants are the words of Satan.. Avoid it so you may be successful. Hadith Allah would not accept prayer for 30 days. | Any intoxication goes against the belief in preserving the mind. Strengthens the community when they are in control of their behaviour. Ensures all religious duties are performed. |
Adultery | Chapter 17 Verse 13 “Do not go near adultery. It is truly a shameful deed and an evil way.” | Encourages faithful relationships between Muslim. Preserving the relationship between Allah because they are showing their pure relationship in the way they should be doing with Allah as well. |
The Five Pillars of Islam
Outline the pillar. What do most adherents do? Include sacred texts & references. | Link to Principal Beliefs | Significance to the Individual | Significance of the community. |
Shahadah The belief that there is only one God, Allah. | Tawhid: there is only one God. | Individuals have to publicly express the belief that there is only one God 3 times a day. | Adherents are able to express the commitment and acceptance that there is only one God, Allah. |
Salat Prayer. 5 times a day | Books of Allah. Angels sit at the mosques and record the names of adherents that come to pray in chronological order. | Prayer is compulsory and it is how adherents express their faith and acceptance of Allah. | They believe that there is a greater reward when individuals pray together in a large group rather than on their own. |
Zakat Charity | Alkira - good deeds, day of judgement rewards for good deeds. Angels - record good deeds. Books of Allah - the quran says smth about giving to charity | Individuals are required to donate 2.5% of their liquid and wealth to the poor. There are exemptions if an individual cannot afford this. | A way of charity is to give to the poor and those that wish to convert to Islam. Strengthening and expanding the religious tradition. |
Sawm Fasting. | Good Dead. Alkira and Angels. Etc Tawhid - they are doing it for Allah, not for anyone else. Takes away everything that takes the attention away from Allah including food. | Fasting is used as a way to strengthen their relationship with Allah. They are able to get close and connect with Allah. No swearing, no sexual relationships | Adherents are able to come together and experience what the less fortunate people experience. They imitate what it feels like to have no food, fasting is doing it for other people. The vulnerable people of the community are thought of and helped. |
Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca | Rusul - Muhammad made the same journey & Abraham was said to build the Kaaba. | Strengthens their faiths. | Adherents are able to experience the journey of Ibrahem and his wife. Reenacting their journey. |
Outline the pillar. What must adherents do? Include sacred text references | Link to principal beliefs | Significance to the individual | Significance to the community |
SALAT: Quran Surah Al Ma’idah 5:55 Surah Al Baqarah (2:238) and (2:43) Sahih Muslim Book 1,Hadith 2 Adherents must perform the Salat five times daily | Links to the Tawhid as performing the salat allows muslims to affirm their submission to Allah and their commitment to the guidance provided by the prophet muhammed. | Provides spiritual grounding and personal discipline Allows regular communication with Allah Fosters a sense of inner peace spiritual growth and mindfulness. | Congregational prayers create a sense of unity. |
SAWM: Surah Al Baqarah 2:185 Surah Al Baqarah 2:183 Hadith Sahih Bukhari, 1805 Sahih Al Bukhari or Hadith 18 Adherents are obligated to fast during Ramadan Fast on | Links to the Tawhid Expresses the important of submission to the will of Allah It is an expression of Allah being the one true god. | A time of self purification and restraint Focus their full attention of the will of Allah Foster's relationship with Allah Develops a sense of gratitude Breaks their reliance on earthly needs Deepens their faith and fulfils Allah’s will. | Allows adherents to think about the vulnerable and less fortunate individuals Creates a sense of unity A sense of community through celebrations of their belief in Allah. |
HAJJ: Quran 2:197 Hadith (The Prophet Muhammed) “Hajj shall be observed The spiritual pilgrimage that muslims embark to Mecca. It must be performed with pure intentions in which iit is seeking the pleasure of Allah. | Links to the Tawhid: the entire pilgrimage is an act of devotion to Allah alone, reinforcing the belief in his singularity and supremacy Angels: it is believed that angels protect the entrances to mecca. Akhira: a journey of purification. | Strengthens one's personal connection allah Physical revelation of their beliefs, strengthens their faith as well. Spiritual renewal | The rite serves as a unifying force in islam. |
Unknown
Islam
Origins
Principal beliefs
Articles of faith
Sacred texts and writings
Expression of faith
| Origins Pre-islamic Arabia as the cultural and historical context for the development of Islam Social conditions
Religious beliefs In Arabia, it consisted of polytheism and idol worship, this is where staties and totems were worshipped. Muhammad was able to unify the tribes in Arabia under one social and political order and one religion.
The Prophet Muhammed Events in the Prophet Muhammads live
Muhammad as the role model for Muslim Life Muhammad is known to be the seal of the prophets in Islam. The Qur’an encompasses Muhammad as the seal of the prophets, stating “Muhammad is the messenger of Allah and last of the prophets” (Surah 33:40). Mulammad was a role model for society as he brought new teachings, rules and laws into Muslim life. He was a charismatic leader who had trust in Allah and carved a new path for monotheism by preaching Allah’s final message.
In essence, Sunnah is the broader concept that encompasses the way of life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad, while Hadith specifically refers to the recorded accounts that preserve these teachings for later generations. Significance as a role model today
The development of Islam under the leadership of the Four rightly Guided Caliphs A caliph is a political and religious leader/successor to the Prophet Muhammad in charge of guiding the caliphate (Muslim community). The first four caliphs are known as the rightly guided caliphs. Abu Bakr (632-634 AC)
Umar (634-644 AC)
Uthman (644-656 AC)
Ali (656-661 AC)
Articles of faith The six articles of faith are fundamental beliefs that guide the faith of Muslims in Islam. They outline the core principles that every Muslim is expected to believe in. Tawhid (oneness of Allah) The tawhid, meaning submission to Allah, is the most fundamental article of faith in Islam; It is the belief in monotheism, that Allah is the one true and powerful God. Allah must be considered as the creator and sustainer of the universe and the source of all life and guidance. Surah 3:2 “Allah! There is no God but He- the living, all sustaining, eternal” Qur’an 112:1-4 “He is Allah, the One and Unique Allah, Who is in need of none and of Whom all are in need. He neither begot any nor was He begotten, and none is comparable to Him.” Tawhid influences adherents as:
Malaiki (Angels) Malaki is the belief in the existence of angels, spiritual beings created by Allah to carry out his tasks, Surah 2:285 “ Devout Muslims must believe in Angels”. There are three types of angels, these include:
Maliki influences adherents as:
Quran 13:13 “And the thunder exalts [ Allah ] with praise of Him - and the angels [as well] from fear of Him - and He sends thunderbolts and strikes therewith whom He wills while they dispute about Allah ; and He is severe in assault.” Quran 42:5 “The heavens nearly burst, one above the other, ˹in awe of Him˺. And the angels glorify the praises of their Lord, and seek forgiveness for those on earth. Surely Allah alone is the All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” Kattaballah (Books of Allah) Muslims believe in the divine books that were revealed to various prophets throughout history, Surah 10:37 “The Quran is not such as can be produced by other than Allah” These books include:
Kattaballah influences adherents as:
Rusul (prophets) Muslims believe in the prophethood of individuals chosen by Allah to deliver his message of monotheism to humanity, Surah 16:36 “Allah sent into every nation a messenger saying ‘serve allah ay”. There are at least 25 prophets in the Quran, they have revealed holy books, new teachings and divine commandments. Prophets signify that Islam is not a new religion as Allah is believed to have revealed messages to different messengers through the ages. Rusul influences adherents as:
Akhira (Afterlife) Muslims believe in the Day of Judgement, when all individuals will be resurrected and held accountable for their deeds. Akhira is the second life that starts the day after judgement day, so Muslims must prepare for the afterlife. Surah 17:71 “Each person will be judged by Allah for their actions in the first life, which determines which type of afterlife each person will get” Stages between death and Akhira
The day of judgement
Akhira Influences adherents as:
Al-Qadr (fate/predestination) Muslims believe in Allah’s divine predestination and sovereignty. This belief encompasses the understanding that Allah has complete knowledge and control over everything that happens in the universe. Al-Qadr reinforces the omnipotence of Allah “Allah is competent over all things” Surah Sacred texts and writings The Quran The Quran is the holy scripture and ultimate source of Islam it was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over a period of approximately 23 years. It contains 114 Surahs starting from the longest to the shortest verses. The Quran shapes adherents beliefs, practices, and worldview, providing a comprehensive guide for personal and communal life. The Quran had four main characteristics:
The use of the Quran in everyday life:
The Hadith Hadith refers to the collection of sayings, actions, approvals, and descriptions of the Prophet Muhammad. Hadiths is the second most important source of authority and provides additional guidance and clarification about various aspects of Islamic teachings that are not explicitly covered in the Quran. It serves as a supplement to the Quran, helping Muslims understand how to apply the Quranic teachings in different situations. “Indeed in the Messenger of Allah you have a good example to follow”(Surah 33:21) highlights the importance of following the example of Muhammads sayings and actions. Core Ethical Teachings All Muslims follow a code of law called Shariah Law. Shairiah law sets out a way of a guided life according to the Quran and the example of the prophets. It encompasses a Muslims whole life ranging from laws regarding marriage, inheritance and etiquette and gives them a direct pathway to Allah. When examining ethical issues according to Shariah law, it is called Islamic Jurisprudence. Shariah law uses 4 sources to determine if an issue is halal (lawful) or haram (prohibited), adherents can turn to these four sources to justify their human behaviour.
Despite the complexities of some ethical issues, there are a number of clear principals in Islamic ethics which are to be followed. When applied to an adherents life they are considered the core ethical teachings.
Expression of faith (The Five Pillars) The 5 pillars of faith The Five Pillars of Faith are the essential beliefs that form the foundation of a Muslim's faith.
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MODULE 3: ISLAM
Studies of Religion 1 Unit - Study Notes
Students Learn About:
Origins:
Pre-Islamic Arabia as the cultural and historical context for the development of Islam
The Prophet Muhammad
The development of Islam under the leadership of the Four RIghtly Guided Caliphs
Principle Beliefs:
The articles of faith explained in the Aqida as
Tawhid
Angels & Jinn
Books of Allah
Rusual
Akhira
Fate/Predestination
Sacred Texts and Writings:
The Qur’an and the Hadith
Core Ethical Teachings:
Islamic jurisprudence
The Qur’an
The Sunna and the Hadith
Ijma’ - consensus among religious leaders
Qiyas - comparison with teachings of the Qu’ran or the Hadith.
Expression of Faith:
The five pillars as the expression of the faith of islam
Origins of Islams:
Arabia before Islam- Social Conditions | Arabia before Islam- Religious Practices |
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Religious conditions
Describe the religious beliefs of the Bedouin, include the role of the Kaaba
The Kaaba was a pilgrimage site for generations where the nomadic tribes worshipped their Gods. They placed 360 idols in or around the kaaba in order to properly worship them.
Meruwah was the Bedouin code of conduct. What was valued under 'muruwah'?
This uniquely Arabian brand of chivalry focused on bravery, patience, persistence in revenge, generosity, hospitality, and protection of the poor and weak.
Suggest why muruwah was valued in pre-Islamic society
This concept of chivalry is used as a template, in which all the members of the Arabian tribes used as guiding principles in the absence of formal government. This concept gave them the idea on how to deal with issues of security, violence, theft, means of getting scarce resources and economic needs of their society or members in general.
How can the Bedouin belief system be seen as fatalistic?
The concept of fatalism as commonly used in Islamic philosophy and Persian literature denotes the belief in the pre-ordained Decree of God (qażā wa qadar), according to which whatever happens to human beings or in the whole universe has been pre-determined by the will and knowledge of the Almighty, and that no changes or transformations in it can be made through the agency of the human will.
Why did the Bedouin belief system lead to the rejection of Islam and conflict with the Muslims?
The Bedouin belief system valued polytheism whereas Islam is monotheistic. As well as this, it threatened trade welfare cyclical nature of Bedouin tribe
Name three other religious faiths that were present in inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula
Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism.
How were adherents of those religions treated?
Fairly.
Use research to outline the beliefs of Zoroastrianism
Humans have free will and must make an important choice in life. If they choose to follow Ahura Mazda, they follow the righteous path of Asha, practising good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, and will spend their afterlife in paradise. He is in conflict with the evil spirit Angra Mainyu.
How are concepts of Zoroastrianism reflected in Christianity and/or Judaism?
It demonstrates the concepts of sin vs good actions within Christianity and Judaism.
Social conditions
How was the Arabian Peninsula populated? What groups of people lived in the area?
It was populated with bedouin people and individuals had a diverse range of religions from Christianity and Judaism to polytheistic religions.
Describe the lifestyle of the Bedouin
The lifestyle of the Bedouin revolved around tribal communities, they engaged in pastoral, agricultural and trading activities.
Why was Mecca important?
Trading was considered as one of the most important activities that the many clans and tribes engaged in. They were mainly trading goods from India to the far east of the Mediterranean, predominantly through Mecca which resulted in its importance as a major trading port.
Why was connection to tribe important?
There was no sense of a central national identity among Arab people. A person's identity and security were based on their connection to their clan, as this was their social network.
Why was pre-Islamic Arabian society known as Jahiliyyah (The Age of Ignorance)?
As there were alot in blood feuds between clans, as each group took vengeance for the wrongs they considered had been inflicted on them. Islam educated and liberated them that is why it is referred to as Jahiliyyah.
How were women treated in pre-Islamic society?
Women in that society were treated differently in every tribe. Some women had a low status because they were not permitted to participate in warfare. However some were able to become businesswomen of significant health.
Which groups in society were outcast? How may Islamic teachings have appealed to those groups?
Slaves, women, the poor, and non-tribal individuals were often marginalised in pre-Islamic Arabian society.Islamic teachings appealed to outcast groups by advocating for social justice, equality, and the protection of the vulnerable.
Describe the economic structure
The economy was primarily based on trade, agriculture, and the collection of tribal tribute.
How did the increase in economic wealth cause the downfall of the tribal system?
The increase in economic wealth centralised power and resources, undermining the traditional tribal alliances and kinship ties that had previously structured society.
Life of Muhammad:
- 570 CE: Muhammad is born
- 555 - 619 CE: The life of Muhammad’s first wife
- 622 CE: Muhammad leaves Mecca for Medina
- 605 - 632 CE: The life of Fatima, Muhammad’s daughter
- 632 CE: The Prophet Muhammad dies
Events in the Prophet Muhammads life
Early life:
Born 570 CE in Mecca, he was orphaned at a young age and grew up with his uncle, a travelling trader. Muhammed also became a trader and gained a trustworthy reputation.
Call to priesthood: Whilst meditating in a cave near Mecca, Angel Gabriel appeared and said he had been chosen as the ‘Prophet of Allah’. Allah’s teachings were revealed to Muhammad and his followers compiled them into the Quran.
The Hijrah: The Hijrah is Muhammads journey from Mecca to Medina. He preached in Mecca for 13 years where he was persecuted as a monotheist in a polytheistic society, he moved toMedina as it was more open, from here Islam flourished from hundreds to thousands.
Mecca and Medina: Islam grew from an alternative religious belief in Mecca to an entire way of life in Medina
In Mecca, the Meccan revelations outlined the basic beliefs such as the Tawhid (belief in one God).
In Medina, the revelations became concerned with the way of life including laws around marriage, business and inheritance
Death: Muhammad died in Medina, his death sparked huge expansion of Islam into Africa, Asia and Europe. Conflict arose after Muhammads death as he did not name a successor, this led to the division of the Sunni and Shi’a Muslims
fProphet Muhammad as the role model for Muslim Life
Muhammad is known to be the seal of the prophets in Islam. The Qur’an encompasses Muhammad as the seal of the prophets, stating “Muhammad is the messenger of Allah and last of the prophets” (Surah 33:40). Mulammad was a role model for society as he brought new teachings, rules and laws into Muslim life. He was a charismatic leader who had trust in Allah and carved a new path for monotheism by preaching Allah’s final message.
The Sunnah refers to the practices, actions, and teachings of the Prophet, encompassing his way of life and his example
The Hadith are recorded sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet. They provide additional guidance on interpreting the Quran and understanding how to live a righteous life.
In essence, Sunnah is the broader concept that encompasses the way of life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad, while Hadith specifically refers to the recorded accounts that preserve these teachings for later generations.
Allah revealed his will to Muhammed, this important because this meant that Muhammed was the chosen recipient and the messenger of the word of God. Allah would only communicate his teachings through Muhammed thus making him the only source of communication to his followers. He was the ONLY person that Allah would communicate with and he would record all of the teaching and sacred scriptures to provide adherents with an understanding of knowledge that will influence them to live a good life.
Muhammed spent his life as an example to show how to live the Quran, Hadith records this. The Quran informs us that Muhammed has lived his life as a model through his prophetic missions to expand and inform people to refrain from any other actions that would cause adherents to stray away from only worshipping Allah.
Allah communicating only with Muhammed highlights that Allah really trusted him.
Muhammed also provides a good example of the qualities that bring Muslims closer to Allah, this includes forgiveness, mercy, justice and humility.
The Four Rightly guided Caliphs:
Abu Bakr (632-634 CE):
Background:
One of Muhammad’s closest friends and his Father-in-law. He was also the first adult male follower and close advisor.
Notable Facts and Achievements:
His election set a democratic precedent. Islam would be led by the best man in the community and not by blood relations. He also compiled the Quran in a volume for the first time.
Manner of Death:
Died of Natural causes in 634 CE
Umar (634 - 644 CE):
Background:
Nominated by Abu Bakr and the community
Notable Facts and Achievements:
He sent several expeditions to expand the borders of the Muslim state. The Persian empire, most of the Byzantine empire, Jerusalem, and Egypt came under the Muslim rule. He organised a standing army. He was an effective administrator of conquered territories and was influential in the development of financial & legal institutions.
Manner of Death:
Stabbed by a Persian slave.
Uthman (644 - 656 CE):
Background:
Son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad.
Notable Facts and Achievements:
Encouraged the spread of Islam across Northern Africa and into central Asia. He appointed members of his own clan (Umayyads) into government positions. He was claimed to have indulged in nepotism. The community wanted to overthrow him. And he created an authoritative copy of the Qur'an in Meccan dialect; it remains the authorised copy till this day.
Manner of Death:
Murdered by Rebels in 656 CE
Ali (665 - 661 CE):
Background:
Prophet’s Cousin and son-in-law
Notable Facts and Achievements:
He refused to punish those who had killed Uthman. There had been a major split in Islam under his rule. Divisions of leadership sunni (or mainstream) group of Muslims and Shi’a (party of Ali). Companions joined with A’isha to punish those who murdered Uthman. The division led to the battle between Aisha and Ali’s forces, in the battle of camels. Eventually Ali won.
Manner of Death:
Assassinated by Kharijite in 661 CE.
Sunni-Shi’ite Divide
Arguments between who should be Muhammad’s successor after his death caused the Sunni-Shi’ite divide.
The Sunni Muslims believed that Ali should become 1st Caliph of Islam, while the Shia Muslims believe that Abu Bakr should. This disagreement caused the Muslims ummah (community) to divide.
Sunni Muslims |
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Shia Muslims |
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Principle Beliefs:
Belief in God (Tawhid) “Say: He is God, the One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begets not, nor is He begotten; and there is none like unto Him.” (Qur‟an, 112:1-4) |
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Fate and Predestination The belief that Allah has already had everything figured. |
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BOOKS OF ALLAH The Qur’an is considered as the ultimate source of Allah. |
Eg. The Sabbath begins on a Sunday for Christians and a Friday for Muslims.
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Angels and Jinn |
Eg. Jibril is responsible for conveying the revelation of Allah to his messengers. Israfill will blow the trumpet to indicate the day of judgement.
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Rusul The prophets are the main source of revelation. |
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Al Akhira The belief of the Day of Judgement |
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CORE ETHICAL TEACHINGS
Sharia (The path to water)- the legal principles found in the Quran and Hadith.
It is derived from the Quran and the Sunnah and is considered the ideal and perfect law as it originates from divine revelation.
Sharia law: a legal system based on the legal principles in the Quran and Hadith.
Basically, the practical implementation and application of Sharia principles through legal systems.
In predominantly Islamic countries such as Iran have the Sharia as part of the law, while other countries such as Pakistan don’t have Sharia law but Sharia runs in parallel with the law.
THE ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE (FIQH)
The jurisprudence refers to the human process of interpreting and applying the principles of Sharia to specific situations. It involves the development of legal rulings and guidelines based on the sources of Sharia. Its purpose is to guide a muslim into applying the Shariah to their everyday life. For example, if a new technology was introduced into society, the Qu’ran would not have already addressed whether it is halal or haram due to the time difference, thus they will go through the Islamic Jurisprudence to clarify whether the new technology is allowed. The Quran is the main source of all teachings; however, if the Qur’an is not sufficiently clear or detailed on a particular issue, Muslims will look to other sources to provide guidance for appropriate ethical actions.
Halal: permitted
Haram: forbidden
Jurisprudence:
Through the process of Jurisprudence, there are 4 sources that are accessed in order to make a judgement on an ethical issue.
The Quran :
Use the Quran to determine Haram, or Halal as it is the foundational text of Islam and the first source of law.
The Quran is the central religious text of Islam and is the ultimate source of all Islamic laws and teachings. It consists mainly of prayers, moral guidance, historical narrative, and promises of Paradise and is perceived as the authentic and faultless word of Allah.
Hadith & Sunna :
If the Qur'an does not provide explicit guidance on a particular issue, scholars turn to the Hadith, which records the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. The Hadith & Sunna provides context and further elaboration on the principles found in the Qur'an.
The Hadith is a collection of the narratives about the Prophet Muhammed, it serves as a primary source of religious guidance and understanding. The Sunna is the broader concept of the Prophet's way of life, which includes but is not limited to what is documented in the Hadith.
Qiyas:
Scholars use precedence. They look in the quran for information on similar issues to determine the outcome for issues that aren’t particularly stated in the Quran or the Hadith.
The Qiyas is the method of applying a known ruling from the Quran or Hadith to a new situation that is similar in its underlying cause or principle. It mainly involves analogies between the original case to reach a legal decision.
For example , alcohol is mentioned in the Quran to not do it however drugs are not. They give the same effect so using basic knowledge it's obviously not allowed.
Ijma:
The Ijma is the consensus or unanimous agreement of Islamic scholars on a particular issue or ruling. When all qualified scholars agree on a specific interpretation of Islamic law, that consensus becomes a binding legal precedent in Islamic jurisprudence.
If all scholars agree that a specific practice is prohibited based on Islamic principles, that consensus is considered a strong basis for establishing the prohibition as part of Islamic law.
Halal & Haram:
Teaching | Quote | Why? |
Following dietary requirements | Chapter 6 verse 118 ‘Eat of that meat upon which Allah’s name has been mentioned.’ | Following Sharia ‘Path’ respect of creation Expression of tawhid. |
Observance of Ramadan (Fasting) | QUran 16:128 Allah is with those who restrain themselves. | Strengthens relationship with Allah. Focus on prayer. No fighting, lying, gossiping. Community unites together. Strengthened by unity and by ethical conduct. |
Recreational drugs | Quran 5:90 “Oh you have believed intoxicants are the words of Satan.. Avoid it so you may be successful. Hadith Allah would not accept prayer for 30 days. | Any intoxication goes against the belief in preserving the mind. Strengthens the community when they are in control of their behaviour. Ensures all religious duties are performed. |
Adultery | Chapter 17 Verse 13 “Do not go near adultery. It is truly a shameful deed and an evil way.” | Encourages faithful relationships between Muslim. Preserving the relationship between Allah because they are showing their pure relationship in the way they should be doing with Allah as well. |
The Five Pillars of Islam
Outline the pillar. What do most adherents do? Include sacred texts & references. | Link to Principal Beliefs | Significance to the Individual | Significance of the community. |
Shahadah The belief that there is only one God, Allah. | Tawhid: there is only one God. | Individuals have to publicly express the belief that there is only one God 3 times a day. | Adherents are able to express the commitment and acceptance that there is only one God, Allah. |
Salat Prayer. 5 times a day | Books of Allah. Angels sit at the mosques and record the names of adherents that come to pray in chronological order. | Prayer is compulsory and it is how adherents express their faith and acceptance of Allah. | They believe that there is a greater reward when individuals pray together in a large group rather than on their own. |
Zakat Charity | Alkira - good deeds, day of judgement rewards for good deeds. Angels - record good deeds. Books of Allah - the quran says smth about giving to charity | Individuals are required to donate 2.5% of their liquid and wealth to the poor. There are exemptions if an individual cannot afford this. | A way of charity is to give to the poor and those that wish to convert to Islam. Strengthening and expanding the religious tradition. |
Sawm Fasting. | Good Dead. Alkira and Angels. Etc Tawhid - they are doing it for Allah, not for anyone else. Takes away everything that takes the attention away from Allah including food. | Fasting is used as a way to strengthen their relationship with Allah. They are able to get close and connect with Allah. No swearing, no sexual relationships | Adherents are able to come together and experience what the less fortunate people experience. They imitate what it feels like to have no food, fasting is doing it for other people. The vulnerable people of the community are thought of and helped. |
Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca | Rusul - Muhammad made the same journey & Abraham was said to build the Kaaba. | Strengthens their faiths. | Adherents are able to experience the journey of Ibrahem and his wife. Reenacting their journey. |
Outline the pillar. What must adherents do? Include sacred text references | Link to principal beliefs | Significance to the individual | Significance to the community |
SALAT: Quran Surah Al Ma’idah 5:55 Surah Al Baqarah (2:238) and (2:43) Sahih Muslim Book 1,Hadith 2 Adherents must perform the Salat five times daily | Links to the Tawhid as performing the salat allows muslims to affirm their submission to Allah and their commitment to the guidance provided by the prophet muhammed. | Provides spiritual grounding and personal discipline Allows regular communication with Allah Fosters a sense of inner peace spiritual growth and mindfulness. | Congregational prayers create a sense of unity. |
SAWM: Surah Al Baqarah 2:185 Surah Al Baqarah 2:183 Hadith Sahih Bukhari, 1805 Sahih Al Bukhari or Hadith 18 Adherents are obligated to fast during Ramadan Fast on | Links to the Tawhid Expresses the important of submission to the will of Allah It is an expression of Allah being the one true god. | A time of self purification and restraint Focus their full attention of the will of Allah Foster's relationship with Allah Develops a sense of gratitude Breaks their reliance on earthly needs Deepens their faith and fulfils Allah’s will. | Allows adherents to think about the vulnerable and less fortunate individuals Creates a sense of unity A sense of community through celebrations of their belief in Allah. |
HAJJ: Quran 2:197 Hadith (The Prophet Muhammed) “Hajj shall be observed The spiritual pilgrimage that muslims embark to Mecca. It must be performed with pure intentions in which iit is seeking the pleasure of Allah. | Links to the Tawhid: the entire pilgrimage is an act of devotion to Allah alone, reinforcing the belief in his singularity and supremacy Angels: it is believed that angels protect the entrances to mecca. Akhira: a journey of purification. | Strengthens one's personal connection allah Physical revelation of their beliefs, strengthens their faith as well. Spiritual renewal | The rite serves as a unifying force in islam. |
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